May 2, 1670 - King Charles II of England granted permanent charter to  Hudson's Bay Company (founded by French explorers who opened lucrative North American fur trade to London merchants); charter conferred trading monopoly, effective control over vast region surrounding North America's Hudson Bay; company gained advantage over French in the area in 18th century; strongly criticized in Britain for repeated failures to find northwest passage out of Hudson Bay; Montreal merchants and Scottish traders established North West Company, after France's loss of Canada at end of  French and Indian Wars; 1821 - two companies merged, named Hudson's Bay Company; ruled territory extending from Atlantic to Pacific, under  governorship of Sir George Simpson; 1856 - peak of its fortunes. 1867 - Canada granted dominion status; company lost monopoly on fur trade; remained Canada's largest diversified corporation through  1920s.

April 6, 1808 - John Jacob Astor incorporated American Fur Company in New York City (sole stockholder); mounted serious challenge to industry leaders (North West Company); June 23, 1810 - created Pacific Fur Company to conquer the Pacific Northwest; September 8, 1810 - Pacific Fur Company's first ship, Tonquin, left New York for Oregon with 33 employees on board; 1811 - founded trading post of Astoria, OR   to facilitate exchanges with China (curtailed by War of 1812); established South West Fur Company; October 23, 1813 - Pacific Fur Company trading post acquired by British North West Company (due to threat that British might seize Astoria as spoil of War of 1812); December 1813 - Astoria became Fort George; British maintained control of Fort George, Pacific Northwest fur trade (traders, settlers, Indians) primarily through royally chartered Hudson Bay Company for the next three decades; Astor focused on American Fur Company (eventually controlled three-quarters of American fur trade); 1828 - unrivaled kings of fur industry; March 26, 1832 - American Fur Company modernized with steamboats (competitors continued to rely on small, man-powered keelboats to move furs, trade goods); dispatched company's new steamboat Yellowstone to pick up furs in Montana; eliminated lesser fur companies, enjoyed virtual monopoly over Far Western fur trade; 1834 - exited fur business; profits from American Fur Company, War of 1812, large investments in real estate, made him wealthiest American of his day; 1846 - British ceded control of territory below 49th parallel to U. S. (future states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho).

July 16, 1808 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Manuel Lisa, Pierre Choteau, Auguste Choteau formed St. Louis Missouri River Fur Company to exploit region's abundant fur-bearing animals; 1825 - dissolved.

November 16, 1821 - William Becknell, Missouri Indian trader, arrived in Santa Fe, New Mexico (from Franklin, Missouri); sold goods at enormous profit; first businessman to revive American trade with Santa Fe (known as "Father of the Santa Fe Trail"); trading route became known as Santa Fe Trail; one of most important, lucrative of Old West trading routes.

August 2, 1824 - Fifth Avenue opened in New York; 1906 - Benjamin Altman moved store into empty space near corner of 34th Street; designed business to resemble Florentine palace so as not to annoy neighbors (left name of store off outside of  building); other new stores opened, meshed with tony neighborhood: Oppenheim Collins (1907), McCreeery's (1913);  Tiffany opened jewelry store with entrance that closely echoed Palazzo Vendramini in Venice; Lord and Taylor building opened; World War I - hot-spot for high-class shopping; rents skyrocketed, big stores crowded small businesses out.

April 9, 1869 - Hudson Bay Company agreed to transfer its territory to Canada.

(American Fur Company), Washington Irving; edited by Richard Dilworth Rust (1982). Astoria, or, Anecdotes of an Enterprize Beyond the Rocky Mountains. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 374 p. [orig. pub. 1976]). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848; American Fur Company--History; Overland journeys to the Pacific; Voyages to the Pacific coast; Astoria (Or.)--History.

(American Fur Company), Washington Irving ; introduction by Kaori O'Connor (1987). Astoria: Adventure in the Pacific Northwest. (New York: KPI, 440 p. [orig. pub. 1839]). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848; American Fur Company--History; Voyages to the Pacific coast; Overland journeys to the Pacific; Astoria (Or.)--History.

(American Fur Company), David Lavender (1998). The Fist in the Wilderness. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, c1998, 490 p. [orig. pub. 1964]). American Fur Company--History; Fur trade--United States--History.

(Brown), James Blaine Hedges (1968). The Browns of Providence Plantations. (Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 2 vols. [orig. pub. 1952]). Brown family; Merchants--Providence; Providence (R.I.)--Economic conditions.

(Brown), Charles Rappleye (2006). Sons of Providence: The Brown Brothers, the Slave Trade, and the American Revolution. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster,, 400 p.). Brown, Moses, 1738-1836; Brown, John, 1736-1803; Brown family; Merchants --Rhode Island --Providence --Biography; Slave trade --Rhode Island --Providence --History; Slavery --Rhode Island --Providence --History; Providence (R.I.) --Biography; Rhode Island --History --Revolution, 1775-1783; Providence (R.I.) --History --18th century. John Brown (profit-driven robber baron running slave galleys from his wharf on Providence waterfront) and Moses Brown (idealist, conscientious Quaker hungry for social reform, struck out against hypocrisy of slavery in land of liberty) - bound by blood, divided by more than half a million Africans enslaved throughout colonies.

(Cely), Ed. Alison Hanham (1975). The Cely Letters, 1472-1488. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 365 p.). Cely family; Commerce--History--Medieval, 500-1500--Sources; Great Britain--Commerce--History--Sources.

(Cely), Alison Hanham (1985). The Celys and Their World: An English Merchant Family of the Fifteenth Century. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,, 472 p.). Cely, Richard, 15th cent.; Cely, George, d. 1489; Cely family; Wool industry--England--History; Merchants--England--Biography.

(Chouteau), William E. Foley and C. David Rice (1983). The First Chouteaus, River Barons of Early St. Louis. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 241 p.). Chouteau family; Fur trade--West (U.S.)--History; Saint Louis (Mo.)--Biography; Saint Louis (Mo.)--Commerce.

(Chouteau), Shirley Christian (2004). Before Lewis and Clark: The Story of the Chouteaus, the French Dynasty that Ruled America's Frontier. (New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 509 p.). Chouteau family; Pioneers--Missouri--Saint Louis--Biography; French Americans--Missouri--Saint Louis--Biography; Businessmen--Missouri--Saint Louis--Biography; Frontier and pioneer life--Missouri River Valley; Saint Louis (Mo.)--Biography; Missouri River Valley--Biography; Missouri River Valley--History.

(Chouteau), Stan Hoig (2008). The Chouteaus: First Family of the Fur Trade. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 337 p.). Professor Emeritus of Journalism (University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond). Chouteau family; Pioneers --Missouri --Saint Louis --Biography; Fur traders --Missouri --Saint Louis --Biography; French Americans --Missouri --Saint Louis --Biography; Businessmen --Missouri --Saint Louis --Biography; Fur trade --Missouri River Valley --History; Frontier and pioneer life --Missouri River Valley; Saint Louis (Mo.) --Biography; Missouri River Valley --Biography; Missouri River Valley --History. Four generations of Chouteau family (founding family of St. Louis): conducted trade, took  wives among native tribes; provided valuable aid to Lewis and Clark expedition, assisted government officials in developing Indian treaties, gave counsel to national leaders, tribal heads, men of frontier fame; established network of trading posts, opened trade routes throughout Central Plains, Rocky Mountains.

(Compagnia dei Peruzzi), Edwin S. Hunt (1994). The Medieval Super-Companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 291 p.). Compagnia dei Peruzzi--History; Merchants--Italy--Florence--History; Florence (Italy)--Commerce--History.

(Greg & Cunningham), Edited by Thomas M. Truxes (2001). Letterbook of Greg & Cunningham, 1756-57: Merchants of New York and Belfast. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 430 p.). Senior Lecturer in the History Department (Trinity College, Hartford, CT). Greg, Thomas --Correspondence; Cunningham, Waddel --Correspondence; Greg & Cunningham (Firm); Merchants --New York (State) --New York --History --18th century; Merchants --Ireland --Belfast --History --18th century; United States --Commerce --Ireland --History --18th century; Ireland --Commerce --United States --History --18th century.  Correspondence from most successful Irish-American trading firm of colonial period, vivid picture of transatlantic economy.

(Grocers' Company), Pamela Nightingale (1995). A Medieval Mercantile Community: The Grocers' Company & the Politics & Trade of London, 1000-1485. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 640 p.). Leverhulme Research Fellow (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). Grocers' Company (London, England); Trading companies--England--London--History--To 1500; Spice trade--England--London--History--To 1500; Wool industry--England--London--History--To 1500; London (England)--Commerce--History. 

(Hudson's Bay Company), John S. Galbraith (1957). The Hudson's Bay Company as an Imperial Factor, 1821-1869. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 500 p.). Hudson's Bay Company; Northwest, Canadian--History.

(Hudson's Bay), E. E. Rich; With a foreword by Winston Churchill (1961). Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870. (New York, NY: Macmillan, 3 vols.). Hudson's Bay Company. Contents: v. 1. 1670-1763 -- v. 2. 1763-1820 -- v. 3. 1821-1870.

(Hudson's Bay Company), Sir George Simpson; Edited with a new introd. by Frederick Merk (1968). Fur Trade and Empire; George Simpson’s Journal; Remarks Connected with the Fur Trade in the Course of a Voyage from York Factory to Fort George and Back to York Factory 1824-1825; with Related Documents. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 370 p.). Simpson, George, Sir, 1786 or 7-1860; Hudson’s Bay Company; Fur trade--Northwest, Canadian; Northwest, Canadian--Description and travel.

(Hudson's Bay Company), John S. Galbraith (1976). The Little Emperor: Governor Simpson of the Hudson's Bay Company. (Toronto, ON: Macmillan of Canada, 232 p.). Simpson, George, Sir, 1786 or 7-1860; Hudson's Bay Company; Colonial agents--Great Britain--Biography; Businesspeople--Northwest, Canadian--Biography; Northwest, Canadian--History; Northwest, Canadian--Biography.

(Hudson’s Bay Company), Alberta Brooks Fogdall (1978). Royal Family of the Columbia: Dr. John McLoughlin and His Family. (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 328 p.). McLoughlin, John, 1784-1857; Hudson’s Bay Company; Pioneers --Northwest, Pacific --Biography; Merchants --Northwest, Pacific --Biography; Fur trade --Northwest, Pacific --History; Oregon --History --To 1859; Northwest, Pacific --History.

(Hudson's Bay Company), Michael Payne (1989). The Most Respectable Place in the Territory: Everyday Life in Hudson's Bay Company Service, York Factory, 1788 to 1870. (Ottawa, QU: National Historic Parks and Sites, Canadian Parks Service, Environment Canada, 206 p.). Hudson's Bay Company--History; Fur trade--Social aspects--Manitoba--York Factory; Frontier and pioneer life--Northwest, Canadian; Fur trade--Northwest, Canadian--History; York Factory (Man.)--History; York Factory (Man.)--Social conditions.

(Hudson's Bay Company), Deidre Simmons (2008). Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives. (Montreal, QU: McGill-Queen's University Press, 360 p.). Research, Archives Consultant. Hudson's Bay Company--History; Hudson's Bay Company--Archives. One of world's most complete archival collections (three centuries); national treasure (protected in vaults of Archives of Manitoba); history of fur trade, North American exploration, growth of retail empire, evolution of Canada as country; historical context of Company, England, Canada, British and Canadian archival traditions.

(Levant Company), James Mather (2010). Pashas: Traders and Travellers in the Islamic World. (New Haven, NY, Yale University Press, 320 p.). Commercial Barrister. Britain's relationship with Mediterranean, world of Islam; 1581 - English Levant Company founded through a charter of Queen Elizabeth I; sold wool and tin (used in Ottoman armaments, munitions production), bought huge quantities of Ottoman silks, Indian spices, indigo, currants; oversaw England's trade, diplomacy with  Ottoman world; 1630s - 28 of 47 directors of East India Company court also Levant Company members; conservative management, never engaged in empire-building, land-seizing, imperial-military power (as East India Company); end of 17th century- trade with Turkey accounted for one quarter of all England's overseas commercial activity; recruitment, apprenticeship, training maiden  voyage of Englishmen who joined Levant Company.

(Pacific Fur Company), Washington Irving (1998). > Astoria. (New York, NY: Putnam, 440 p. [orig. pub. 1897]). Pacific Fur Company; Fur trade--Oregon; Overland journeys to the Pacific; Astoria (Or.). Chronicled the early Far West fur trade; romanticized Wilson Hunt, who arrived in the fur-trading post of Astoria, OR (about 60 miles northwest of modern-day Portland) on February 15, 1812, as the archetypal frontier hero.

(Pacific Fur Company), Ed. Robert F. Jones (1999). Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811-1813. (New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 256 p.). McDougall, Duncan, d. 1818 --Diaries; Pacific Fur Company--History; Fur trade--Columbia River Valley--History--19th century; Astoria (Or.)--History.

(Rocky Mountain Fur Company), Don Berry (1961). A Majority of Scoundrels; An Informal History of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. (New York, NY: Harper, 432 p.). Rocky Mountain Fur Company; Fur trade--West (U.S.).

Thabit A. Abdullah (2001). Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth Century Basra. (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 180 p.). Merchants--Iraq--Basrah--History--18th century; Mamelukes; Basrah (Iraq)--Commerce--History--18th century; Basrah (Iraq)--Ethnic relations--Economic aspects; Basrah (Iraq)--History--18th century. 

David Alexander (1970). Retailing in England during the Industrial Revolution. (London, UK: Athlone P., 282 p.). Retail trade--Great Britain--History.

David Arthur Armour (1986). The Merchants of Albany, New York, 1686-1760. (New York, NY: Garland Pub., 275 p.). Merchants--New York (State)--Albany--History--17th century; Merchants--New York (State)--Albany--History--18th century; Fur trade--New York (State)--Albany--History--17th century; =Fur trade--New York (State)--Albany--History--18th century; Albany (N.Y.)--Commerce--History--17th century; Albany (N.Y.)--Commerce--History--18th century. Series: American business history.

Bernard Bailyn (1955). The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 249 p.). Merchants--New England; New England--Commerce--History--17th century.

J. N. Ball (1977). Merchants and Merchandise: The Expansion of Trade in Europe 1500-1630. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 226 p.). Merchants--Europe--History; Europe--Commerce--History.

Eds. Bruno Blonde ... [et al.] (2006). Buyers & Sellers: Retail Circuits and Practices in Mediaeval and Early Modern Europe. (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 351 p.). Retail trade -- Europe -- History; Markets -- Europe -- History; Shopping -- Europe -- History; European mediaeval economic history.

John R. Bockstoce; foreword by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (2010). Furs and Frontiers in the Far North: The Contest among Native and Foreign Nations for the Bering Strait Fur. (New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 496 p.). Independent Scholar. Fur trade --Bering Strait Region --History --19th century; Merchants --Bering Strait Region --History --19th century; Eskimos --Hunting --Bering Strait Region --History --19th century; Russians --Bering Strait Region --History --19th century; British --Bering Strait Region --History --19th century; Bering Strait Region --History --19th century; Alaska --Commerce --Russia --History --19th century; Russia --Commerce --Alaska --History --19th century; Great Britain --Commerce --Alaska --History --19th century; Alaska --Commerce --Great Britain --History --19th century. Native, maritime fur trade in Alaska during 18th, 19th centuries; Bering Strait formed nexus of circumpolar fur trade (Russians, British, Americans, members of 50 native nations competed, cooperated); scientific, commercial, foreign-relations implications of northern fur trade; relationship between Western powers, Native Americans who provided them with fur, ivory, whalebone in exchange for manufactured goods, tobacco, tea, alcohol, hundreds of other things.

J.F. Bosher (1987). The Canada Merchants, 1713-1763. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 234 p.). Merchants--Canada--History--18th century; Huguenots--Canada--History--18th century; Canada--Commerce--France--History--18th century; France--Commerce--Canada--History--18th century; Canada--History--To 1763 (New France).

James C. Boyajian (1993). Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 356 p.). Marranos--Portugal--History--16th century; Marranos--Portugal--History--17th century; Portugal--Commerce--Asia--History--16th century; Portugal--Commerce--Asia--History--17th century; Asia--Commerce--Portugal--History--16th century; Asia--Commerce--Portugal--History--17th century. How Portuguese-Asian commerce formed part of global trading network that linked Europe and Asia, and Asia, West Africa, Brazil, Spanish America.

Susan Calafate Boyle (1997). Los Capitalistas: Hispano Merchants and the Santa Fe Trade. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 236 p.). Merchants--New Mexico--History; New Mexico--Commerce--Mexico; Mexico--Commerce--New Mexico; New Mexico--History--To 1848; Santa Fe National Historic Trail--History; Mexico--History--Spanish colony, 1540-1810. 

Robert Brenner (1993). Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders, 1550-1653. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 734 p.). Merchants--England--London--History; Political leadership--England--London--History; Social structure--England--London--History; London (England)--Commerce--History; London (England)--Politics and government.

Stuart Weems Bruchey (1979). Robert Oliver, Merchant of Baltimore, 1783-1819. (New York, NY: Arno Press, 411 [orig. pub. 1956]). Oliver, Robert, 1757?-1834; Merchants--Baltimore--Biography; Baltimore (Md.)--Commerce--History. 

Frank J. Byrne (2006). Becoming Bourgeois: Merchant Culture in the South, 1820-1865. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 308 p.). Assistant Professor of History (State University of New York at Oswego). Merchants--Southern States--History; Southern States--Social conditions--History; Southern States--Economic conditions--History. Ties between regional identity, marketplace in 19th-century America.

Ann M. Carlos (1986). The North American Fur Trade, 1804-1821: A Study in the Life-Cycle of a Duopoly. (New York, NY: Garland, 232 p.). Hudson's Bay Company--History; North West Company--History; Fur trade--Canada--History; Fur trade--North America--History; Duopolies--Canada--History; Duopolies--North America--History.

Patricia Cleary (2000). Elizabeth Murray: A Woman's Pursuit of Independence in Eighteenth-Century America. (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, 279 p.). Associate Professor of History (California State University, Long Beach). Murray, Elizabeth, 1726-1785; Boston (Mass.) -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783; Women -- Massachusetts -- Boston -- Biography; Businesswomen -- Massachusetts -- Boston -- Biography; United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783 -- Women.

Nancy Cox (2000). The Complete Tradesman: A Study of Retailing, 1550-1820. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 270 p.). Retail trade--Great Britain--History.

Nancy Cox and Karin Dannehl (2007). Perceptions of Retailing in Early Modern England. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub., 250 p.). Honorary Research Fellow (University of Wolverhampton); Research Fellow (University of Wolverhampton). Retail trade--England--History; Consumption (Economics)--England--History. How people at time perceived retailing, both as onlookers, artists, commentators, participants. Two ancillary themes: 1) location and how contemporaries perceived settlements in which there were shops; 2) distance. 

Edited with an introd. by Margaret Fisher Dalrymple (1978). The Merchant of Manchac: The Letterbooks of John Fitzpatrick, 1768-1790. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 451 p.). Fitzpatrick, John, ca. 1737-1791; Pioneers--Louisiana--Biography; Merchants--Louisiana--Biography; Louisiana--History--To 1803--Sources.

Edwin Danson (2001). Drawing the Line: How Mason and Dixon Surveyed the Most Famous Border in America. (New York, NY: Wiley, 232 p.). Surveyor. Mason, Charles, 1728-1786; Dixon, Jeremiah; Frontier and pioneer life--Pennsylvania; Frontier and pioneer life--Maryland; Surveying--Pennsylvania--History--18th century; Surveying--Maryland--History--18th century; Mason-Dixon Line--History; Pennsylvania--Boundaries--Maryland--History; Maryland--Boundaries--Pennsylvania--History. 

John A. Davis (1981). Merchants, Monopolists, and Contractors: A Study of Economic Activity and Society in Bourbon Naples, 1815-1860. (New York, NY: Arno Press. Merchants--Italy--Naples (Kingdom)--History; Pressure groups--Italy--Naples (Kingdom)--History; Naples (Kingdom)--Economic conditions; Naples (Kingdom)--Commerce--History; Naples (Kingdom)--Social conditions.  

Robert A. Davison (1964). Isaac Hicks; New York Merchant and Quaker, 1767-1820 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 217 p.). Hicks, Isaac, 1767-1820.

Gigliola Pagano de Divitiis; translated by Stephen Parkin (1997). English Merchants in Seventeenth-Century Italy. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 202 p.). Merchants, Foreign--Italy--History--17th century; Italy--Commerce--England--History--17th century; England--Commerce--Italy--History--17th century. Series: Cambridge studies in Italian history and culture.

Robert Owen Decker (1986). The New London Merchants: The Rise and Decline of a Connecticut Port. (New York, NY: Garland, 354 p.). Merchants--Connecticut--New London--History; Harbors--Connecticut--New London--History; Whaling--Connecticut--New London--History; New London (Conn.)--Commerce--History. Series: American business history.

Thomas M. Doerflinger (1986). A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia. (Chapel Hill, NC: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Va. by the University of North Carolina Press, 413 p.). Businesspeople--Pennsylvania--Philadelphia--History--18th century; Philadelphia (Pa.)--Commerce--History--18th century; Philadelphia (Pa.)--Economic conditions. Philadelphia merchant community from three perspectives: their commercial world, their confrontation with Revolution and its aftermath, their role in diversifying local economy.

Walter S. Dunn, Jr. (2002). Opening New Markets: The British Army and the old Northwest. (Westport, CT: Praeger, p.). Trading posts--Northwest, Old--History--18th century; Merchants--Northwest, Old--History--18th century; Fur trade--Northwest, Old--History--18th century; Northwest, Old--History--To 1775; Northwest, Old--Economic conditions; Illinois--History--To 1778; Great Britain--Colonies--America--Commerce--History--18th century; Great Britain--Armed Forces--Northwest, Old--History--18th century; Great Britain--Commercial policy--History--18th century.

Stephen N. Elias (1992). Alexander T. Stewart: The Forgotten Merchant Prince. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 172 p.). Stewart, Alexander Turney, 1803-1876; Merchants--New York (State)--New York--Biography; Retail trade--New York (State)--New York--History--19th century.

Jean Favier; translated from the French by Caroline Higgitt (1998). Gold & Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages. (New York, NY: Holmes & Meier, 390 p.). Middle Ages; Merchants --Europe --History; Europe --Commerce --History; Europe --Economic conditions --To 1492. Development of capitalist institutions, practices in Europe from 11th to 15th centuries.

Leila Tarazi Fawaz (1983). Merchants and Migrants in Nineteenth-Century Beirut. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 182 p.). Merchants--Lebanon--Beirut; Migration, Internal--Lebanon--History; Beirut (Lebanon)--Commerce--History; Beirut (Lebanon)--History. Series: Harvard Middle Eastern studies.

Alberta Brooks Fogdall (1978). Royal Family of the Columbia: Dr. John McLoughlin and His Family. (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 328 p.). McLoughlin, John, 1784-1857; Hudson's Bay Company; Pioneers--Northwest, Pacific--Biography; Merchants--Northwest, Pacific--Biography; Fur trade--Northwest, Pacific--History; Oregon--History--To 1859; Northwest, Pacific--History.

Stephen Alexander Fortune (1984). Merchants and Jews: The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce, 1650-1750. (Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida, 244 p). Merchants --West Indies, British --History; Jews --West Indies, British --History; West Indies, British --Commerce --History.

James D. Frost (2003). Merchant Princes: Halifax’s First Family of Finance, Ships, and Steel. (Toronto, ON: J. Lorimer, 375 p.). Research Associate at Gorsebrook Research Institute. Stair family; Merchants --Nova Scotia --Halifax --Biography; Halifax (N.S.) --Biography. 1810 - William Stairs opened small general store on Halifax waterfront; next 150 years - successive generations of businessmen engaged in surprising range of mercantile, industrial activity.

E.B. Fryde (1988). William de la Pole, Merchant and King's Banker (1366). (Ronceverte, WV: Hambleton Press, 250 p.). De la Pole, William, d. 1366; Merchants--England--Biography; Bankers--England--Biography.

Richard Gatty (1977). Portrait of a Merchant Prince: James Morrison, 1789-1857. (Northallerton: Pamela Gatty, 326 p.). Morrison, James, 1790-1857; Businesspeople--England--Biography; Merchants--England--Biography. Limited ed. of 250 copies.

Perry Gauci (2007). Emporium of the World: The Merchants of London 1660-1800. (New York, NY: Hambledon Continuum, 255 p.). Faculty of History (University of Oxford). Merchants -- Great Britain -- History. Political, social impact of English overseas merchants during upheavals of late 17th, early 18th centuries; merchant societies of London, York, Liverpool; growing prominence of overseas trader in press, in Parliament.

Lorinda B.R. Goodwin (199). An Archaeology of Manners: The Polite World of the Merchant Elite in Colonial Massachusetts. (New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 233 p.). Elite (Social sciences)--Massachusetts--Social life and customs--17th century; Elite (Social sciences)--Massachusetts--Social life and customs--18th century; Merchants--Massachusetts--History--17th century; Merchants--Massachusetts--History--18th century; Material culture--Massachusetts--History--17th century; Material culture--Massachusetts--History--18th century; Etiquette--Massachusetts--History--17th century; Etiquette--Massachusetts--History--18th century; Massachusetts--Antiquities; Massachusetts--Social life and customs--To 1775. 

Richard Grassby (1995). The Business Community of Seventeenth-Century England. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 615 p.). Merchants--England--History--17th century; Business enterprises--England--History--17th century; England--Economic conditions--17th century.

Kim M. Gruenwald (2002). River of Enterprise: The Commercial Origins of Regional Identity in the Ohio Valley, 1790-1850. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p.). Regionalism--Ohio River Valley--History; Frontier and pioneer life--Ohio River Valley; Merchants--Ohio River Valley--History; Pioneers--Ohio River Valley--History; Woodbridge family; Merchants--Ohio--Marietta--Biography; Pioneers--Ohio--Marietta--Biography; Ohio River Valley--Social conditions; Ohio River Valley--Economic conditions; Ohio River Valley--Commerce--Social aspects--History.

S. J. Guscott (2003). Humphrey Chetham, 1580-1653: Fortune, Politics, and Mercantile Culture in Seventeenth-Century England. (Otley [West Yorkshire, England]: Smith Settle on behalf of The Chetham Society, 324 p.). Chetham, Humphrey, 1580-1653; Textile industry --England --Manchester --History --17th century; Philanthropists --England --Manchester --Biography; Moneylenders --England --Manchester --Biography; Landowners --England --Lancashire --Biography; Merchants --England --Manchester --Biography; Manchester (England) --Biography; Lancashire (England) --Biography; Manchester (England) --History; Lancashire (England --History.

Sheryllynne Haggerty (2006). The British-Atlantic Trading Community,1760-1810: Men, Women, and the Distribution of Goods. (Boston, MA: Brill, 287 p.). Lecturer in Early Modern British History (University of Nottingham). Merchants -- Great Britain -- History; Women merchants -- Great Britain -- History; Great Britain -- Commerce -- History. Nature of British-Atlantic trading community between 1760 and 1810; role of lesser traders, including women, in distribution of goods around the Atlantic; common business mentality inextricably bound these trading communities together.

Edited with an introduction by D.R. Hainsworth (1969). Builders and Adventurers; The Traders and the Emergence of the Colony 1788-1821. (Melbourne, AU: Cassell Australia, 174 p.). Merchants--Australia--New South Wales; New South Wales--Economic conditions.

Kenneth R. Hall (2011). A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 384 p.). Professor of History (Ball State University). Southeast Asia -- Commerce -- History -- To 1500; Southeast Asia -- Commerce -- Social aspects -- History -- To 1500; Southeast Asia -- Civilization -- To 1500; Southeast Asia -- History -- To 1500. Major social and economic developments foundational to modern societies took place on mainland (Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam), island world (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines) to Portuguese seizure of Melaka in 1511- growing external contacts, internal adaptations of nearby cultures, progressions from hunter-gatherer and agricultural communities to inclusive hierarchical states; formerly local civilizations became major participants in period's international trade network.

David Hancock (1995). Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,, 477 p.). Merchants--England--London--History--18th century; London (England)--Commerce--United States--History--18th century; United States--Commerce--England--London--History--18th century; London (England)--History--18th century.

Nelly Hanna (1998). Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Isma'il Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 219 p.). Abu Taqiyya, Isma'il, d. 1625?; Merchants--Egypt--Biography; Family--Egypt--History; Egypt--Commerce--History. 

Virginia D. Harrington (1964). The New York Merchant on the Eve of the Revolution. (Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 389 p. [orig. pub. 1935]). Merchants--United States; Industries--New York (State)--New York; Fur trade--New York (State)--Albany--History--18th century; New York (N.Y.)--Commerce--History; New York (N.Y.)--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.

Edward H. Hart (2001). Andrew Elliot's Philadelphia Odyssey: His Early Years, 1728-1764: The Story of a Young Scottish Merchant in America on His Way To Becoming a Royal Officer. (Unionville, NY: Royal Fireworks Pres, 258 p.). Elliot, Andrew, 1728-1797; American loyalists--Biography; Scots--Pennsylvania--Philadelphia--Biography; Merchants--Pennsylvania--Philadelphia--Biography; Philadelphia (Pa.)--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775; Philadelphia (Pa.)--Economic conditions--18th century; Philadelphia (Pa.)--Biography; Edinburgh (Scotland)--Biography.

Ed. Jocelyn Hemming and Nancy Thurley; foreword by Robin Hanbury-Tenison (1994). A Merchant's Tale: The Life and Adventures of a Nineteenth Century Scottish Trader. (Braunton, Devon, GB: Merlin, 178 p.). Macintyre, James Johnson, 1794-1872; Merchants--Scotland--Biography; Travelers--Scotland--Biography; Adventure and adventurers--Scotland--Biography; Scotland--Biography; Shipping Merchant ships Personnel; Scotland.

Theodore B. Hodges (1994). Erastus Hodges, 1781-1847: Connecticut Manufacturer, Merchant & Entrepreneur. (West Kennebunk, ME: Published for the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors and the Torrington Historical Society by Phoenix Pub., 360 p.). Hodges, Erastus, 1781-1847; Businesspeople--Connecticut--Torrington--Biography; Industrialists--Connecticut--Torrington--Biography; Merchants--Connecticut--Torrington--Biography; Manufacturing industries--Connecticut--Torrington--History--19th century; Torrington (Conn.)--Commerce--History--19th century.

Allan Stanley Horlick (1975). Country Boys and Merchant Princes; The Social Control of Young Men in New York. (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press [278 p.). Merchants--New York (State)--New York--History; Occupational mobility--New York (State)--New York--History; New York (N.Y.)--Social conditions.

Phyllis Whitman Hunter (2001). Purchasing Identity in the Atlantic World: Massachusetts Merchants, 1670-1780. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 224 p.). Merchants--Massachusetts; Consumption (Economics)--Social aspects--Massachusetts; Massachusetts--Economic conditions; Massachusetts--Commerce--Europe; Europe--Commerce--Massachusetts; Massachusetts--Social life and customs; Massachusetts--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775; Massachusetts--History--Revolution, 1775-1783.

Mahmood Ibrahim (1990). Merchant Capital and Islam. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 246 p.). Merchants--Islamic Empire; Economics--Religious aspects--Islam; Islam--Economic aspects; Islamic Empire--Commerce; Mecca (Saudi Arabia)--Commerce--History; Mecca (Saudi Arabia)--Economic conditions.

Richard R. Johnson (1991). John Nelson, Merchant Adventurer: A Life Between Empires. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 194 p.). Nelson, John, d. 1734; Adventure and adventurers--Massachusetts--Boston--Biography; Merchants--Massachusetts--Boston--Biography; Boston (Mass.)--Biography; Boston (Mass.)--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.

Christine Adams Jones (1983). Col. James Gordon, Merchant of Lancaster County, Virginia. (Lancaster, VA: Mary Ball Washington Museum & Library, 120 p.). Gordon, James, 1714-1768; Gordon family; Merchants--Virginia--Lancaster County--Biography; Lancaster County (Va.)--Biography.

Benjamin Z. Kedar (1976). Merchants in Crisis: Genoese and Venetian Men of Affairs and the Fourteenth-Century Depression. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 260 p.). Commerce--History--Medieval, 500-1500; Depressions--Italy--History; Merchants--Italy--History; Venice (Italy)--Commerce--History; Genoa (Italy)--Commerce--History.

Jenny Kermode (1998). Medieval Merchants: York, Beverley, and Hull in the Later Middle Ages. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 381 p.). Merchants--England--History; Woolen goods industry--England--History; Middle Ages; England--Commerce--History; England--Economic conditions--1066-1485; England--Social conditions--1066-1485. Series: Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought.

Cynthia A. Kierner (1992). Traders and Gentlefolk: The Livingstons of New York, 1675-1790. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 283 p.). Livingston family; Elite (Social sciences)--New York (State)--History--18th century; Gentry--New York (State)--History--18th century; Merchants--New York (State)--History--18th century; Elite (Social sciences)--New York (State)--History--17th century; Gentry--New York (State)--History--17th century; Merchants--New York (State)--History--17th century; New York (State)--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775; New York (State)--History--1775-1865.

Benjamin W. Labaree (1975). Patriots and Partisans: The Merchants of Newburyport, 1764-1815. (New York, NY: Norton, 242 p.). Merchants--Newburyport, Mass; Newburyport (Mass.)--Politics and government; Newburyport (Mass.)--Economic conditions.

Frederic C. Lane (1967). Andrea Barbarigo, Merchant of Venice, 1418-1449. (New York, NY: Octagon Books, 224 p.). Barbarigo, Andrea, 1398 or 9-1449; Merchants--Italy--Venice--Biography; Venice (Italy)--Commerce--History--To 1500.

Marilyn Anne Lavin (1978). William Bostwick, Connecticut Yankee in Antebellum Georgia. (New York, NY: Arno Press. Bostwick, William, b. 1796; Merchants--Georgia--Biography; Cotton trade--Georgia--History. Series: Dissertations in American economic history.

Cle Lesger; translated by J.C. Grayson (2006). The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion and Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries, c. 1550-1630. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 326 p.). Senior Lecturer in Economic and Social History (University of Amsterdam). Merchants--Netherlands--Amsterdam--History--16th century; Merchants--Netherlands--Amsterdam--History--17th century; Amsterdam (Netherlands)--Commerce--History--16th century; Amsterdam (Netherlands)--Commerce--History--17th century; Netherlands--History--Wars of Independence, 1556-1648. Service sector played very modern role in establishing, maintaining Amsterdam's preeminence.

T.H. Lloyd (1982). Alien Merchants in England in the High Middle Ages. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 253 p.). Merchants, Foreign--England--History--To 1500; England--Economic conditions--1066-1485; England--Commerce--History.

Richard John Lufrano (1997). Honorable Merchants: Commerce and Self-Cultivation in Late Imperial China. (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press, 241 p.). Merchants--China--History; Business ethics--China--History; China--Commerce--History; China--Economic conditions--1644-1912.

Issac S. Lyon; introduction by Graham Hodges (1984). Recollections of An Old Cartman: Old New York Street Life. (New York, NY: New York Bound, 125 p. [orig. pub. 1872). Lyon, Isaac S., 1812?-1882; Carriages and carts--New York (State)--New York; Booksellers and bookselling--New York (State)--New York--History--19th century; Auctions--New York (State)--New York--History--19th century; Merchants--New York (N.Y.)--Biography; Carters--New York (N.Y.)--Biography; New York (N.Y.)--Social life and customs; New York (N.Y.)--Biography.

Susan Mann (1987). Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750-1950. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 278 p.). Merchants--China--History; Bureaucracy--China--History; Tax collection--China--History; China--Commercial policy.

J.P. Marshall (1976). East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 284 p.). East India Company; Merchants--Great Britain--History--18th century; Merchants--India--Bengal--History--18th century; British--India--Bengal--History--18th century; Bengal (India)--Commerce--History.

Margaret E. Martin (1939). Merchants and Trade of the Connecticut River Valley, 1750-1820. (Northampton, MA: Smith College (Dept. of History), 284 p.). Merchants, American; Connecticut River Valley--Commerce. Series: Smith College studies in history.

Cathy Matson (1998). Merchants & Empire: Trading in Colonial New York. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 458 p.). Merchants--New York (State)--New York--History--17th century; Merchants--New York (State)--New York--History--18th century; Wholesale trade--New York (State)--New York--History--17th century; Wholesale trade--New York (State)--New York--History--18th century; New York (N.Y.)--Commerce--History--17th century; New York (N.Y.)--Commerce--History--18th century; Great Britain--Colonies--America--Commerce--History.

Douglas McCalla (1979). The Upper Canada Trade, 1834-72: A Study of the Buchanans’ Business. (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 231 p.). Buchanan, Isaac, 1810-1883; Wholesale trade --Ontario --History; Merchants --Ontario --Biography; Ontario --Commerce --History.

Graeme J. Milne (2000). Trade and Traders in Mid-Victorian Liverpool: Mercantile Business and the Making of a World Port. (Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 243 p.). Merchants--England--Liverpool--History--19th century; Liverpool (England)--Commerce.

Charles Monaghan (1998). The Murrays of Murray Hill. (Brooklyn, NY: Urban History Press, 166 p.). Murray family; Murray, Lindley, 1745-1826; Merchants--New York (State)--New York--Biography; Quakers--New York (State)--New York--Biography; American loyalists--Biography; Enlightenment--Scotland; Authors, American--Biography; New York (N.Y.)--Biography; New York (N.Y.)--History--1775-1865; United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783--Biography.

Sam A. Mustafa (2001). Merchants and Migrations: Germans and Americans in Connection, 1776-1835. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 284 p.). Merchants--United States--History; Merchants--Germany--History; United States--Commerce--Germany--History; Germany--Commerce--United States--History; United States--Emigration and immigration--History; Germany--Emigration and immigration--History; United States--Foreign economic relations--Germany; Germany--Foreign economic relations--United States.

Somendra Chandra Nandy (1978-1981). Life and Times of Cantoo Baboo (Krisna Kanta Nandy), the Banian of Warren Hastings: Period Covered, 1742-1804. (Bombay, India: Allied, 2 vols.). Nandy, Krisna Kanta, 1720-1794; Silk industry--Bengal; Salt industry and trade--Bengal; Merchants--Bengal--Biography; Bengal (India)--History. 

Iris Origo (1979). The Merchant of Prato, Francesco di Marco Datini. (New York, NY: Octagon Books, 389 p. [orig. pub. 1963]). Datini, Francesco di Marco, 1335 (ca.)-1410; Merchants--Italy--Biography.

Edward C. Papenfuse (1975). In Pursuit of Profit: The Annapolis Merchants in the Era of the American Revolution, 1763-1805. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 288 p.). Merchants--Maryland--Annapolis--History; Annapolis (Md.)--Commerce--History; Annapolis (Md.)--Economic conditions. 

Ruth Pike (1966). Enterprise and Adventure; The Genoese in Seville and the Opening of the New World. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 243 p.). Merchants, Genoese--Seville; Seville (Spain)--Commerce--America; America--Commerce--Seville.

Carolyn Podruchny (2006). Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American Fur Trade. (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 414 p.). Assistant Professor of History (York University, Toronto). French-Canadians--North America--History; Fur trade--North America--History; Fur trade--New France--History; Fur traders--North America--History; Fur traders--New France--History; Me´tis--North America--History; Indians of North America--History; Frontier and pioneer life--North America; North America--Description and travel; Saint Lawrence River Valley--Description and travel. French Canadian workers who paddled canoes, transported goods, staffed interior posts of northern North American fur trade became known as voyageurs; their lives, world views, values, impact on social, cultural landscape of North America.

Kenneth W. Porter (1969). The Jacksons and the Lees; Two Generations of Massachusetts Merchants, 1765-1844. (New York, NY: Russell & Russell, 2 vols.; 1625 p. [orig. pub. 1937]). Jackson family; Lee family; Massachusetts--Commerce--History.

Theodore K. Rabb (1967). Enterprise & Empire; Merchant and Gentry Investment in the Expansion of England, 1575-1630. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 420 p.). Colonial companies; Merchants--England--History--16th century; Merchants--England--History--17th century; Gentry--England; Great Britain--Commerce--History--16th century; Great Britain--Commerce--History--17th century.

Pamela Rae (1992). Turtle at Mr Humble's: The Fortunes of a Mercantile Family: England & America, 1758-1837. (Otley, W. Yorkshire, GB: Smith Settle,, 236 p.). Buck family; Whitaker family; Merchants--England--Bradford (West Yorkshire)--Biography; Merchants--South Carolina--Charleston--Biography; Bradford (West Yorkshire, England)--Biography; Charleston (S.C.)--Biography; Social life History, 1714-1837.

James A. Ramage (1974). John Wesley Hunt, Pioneer Merchant, Manufacturer, and Financier. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 103 p.). Hunt, John Wesley, 1772-1849; Capitalists and financiers--Kentucky--Biography; Frontier and pioneer life--Kentucky; Merchants--Kentucky--Biography.

Vera Blinn Reber (1979). British Mercantile Houses in Buenos Aires, 1810-1880. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 206 p.). Mercantile system--Argentina--History; Merchants--Argentina--History; Merchants--Great Britain--History; Great Britain--Commerce--Argentina--History; Argentina--Commerce--Great Britain--History. Series: Harvard studies in business history.

E. E. Rich (1967). The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857. (Toronto, ON: McClelland and Stewart, 336 p.). Fur trade--Canada.

Alfred J. Rieber (1982). Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 464 p.). Merchants--Soviet Union--History; Capitalists and financiers--Soviet Union--History; Russia--Social conditions--1801-1917.

Selected and Edited with an Introduction by Henry Roseveare (1987). Markets and Merchants of the Late Seventeenth Century: The Marescoe-David Letters, 1668-1680. (New York, NY: Published for the British Academy by the Oxford University Press, 668 p.). David, Jacob; Marescoe, Charles; Merchants --Europe --Biography; Commerce --History --17th century. Picture of changing conditions of local, international markets in 17th-century Europe; important epoch in evolution of European trade.

Jane Roy (2011). The Politics of Trade : Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th millennium BC. (Boston, MA: Brill, 369 p.). Lecturer (University of British Columbia). Egypt -- Commerce -- History; Nubia -- Commerce -- History; Egypt -- Antiquities; Nubia -- Antiquities; Exchange -- Egypt -- History -- To 1500; Exchange -- Nubia -- History -- To 1500; Material culture -- Egypt -- History -- To 1500; Material culture -- Nubia -- History -- To 1500; Salvage archaeology -- Egypt; Salvage archaeology -- Nubia. Exchange patterns between Egypt and Lower Nubia (material evidence from three major archaeological salvage campaigns); changes, developments potentially impacted development of Egyptian state.

Thomas Max Safley (1999). Matheus Miller's Memoir: A Merchant's Life in the Seventeenth Century. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. Miller, Matheus; Merchants--Germany--Augsburg--Biography; Augsburg (Germany)--Biography; Augsburg (Germany)--History--17th century. Series: Early modern history.

Carolyn Sargentson (1996). Merchants and Luxury Markets: The Marchands Merciers of Eighteenth-Century Paris. (Malibu, CA: Victoria and Albert Museum in association with the J. Paul Getty Museum, 224 p.). Merchants--France--Paris--History--18th century; Luxuries--France--Paris--History--18th century; Paris (France)--Commerce--History--18th century; Paris (France)--Social life and customs.

Carl Seaburg and Stanley Paterson (1971). Merchant Prince of Boston, Colonel T. H. Perkins, 1764-1854 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 478 p.). Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, 1764-1854. 

Charles David Sheldon (1973). The Rise of the Merchant Class in Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1868; An Introductory Survey. (New York, NY: Russell & Russell, 220 p. [orig. pub. 1958]). Merchants--Japan; Japan--Commerce--History.

Jerrell H. Shofner (1978). Daniel Ladd, Merchant Prince of Frontier Florida. (Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida, 180 p.). Ladd, Daniel, 1817-1872; Frontier and pioneer life--Florida; Businesspeople--Florida--Biography; Merchants--Florida--Biography.

Janet Siskind (2002). Rum and Axes: The Rise of a Connecticut Merchant Family, 1795-1850. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,. Merchants--Connecticut; Connecticut--Commerce--History. 

Susan Migden Socolow (1978). The Merchants of Buenos Aires, 1778-1810: Family and Commerce. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press,. Merchants--Argentina--Buenos Aires--History. 

Birgit Sonesson (2000). Puerto Rico’s Commerce, 1765-1865: From Regional to Worldwide Market Relations. (Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 338 p.). Merchants --Puerto Rico --History; Agricultural industries --Puerto Rico --History; Shipping --Puerto Rico --History; Puerto Rico --Commerce --History; Puerto Rico --Commercial policy --History.

Peter Spufford (2003). Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe. (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 432 p.). Merchants--Europe--History; Europe--Commerce--History.

P.K. Stembridge (1998). The Goldney Family: A Bristol Merchant Dynasty. (Bristol, UK: Bristol Record Society, 173 p.). Goldney family; Merchants--England--Bristol--Biography; Bristol (England)--Genealogy; England--Genealogy; Bristol (England)--History--Sources.

Margaret Steven (1965). Merchant Campbell, 1769-1846; A Study of Colonial Trade. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 360 p.). Campbell, Robert, 1769-1846.

Laura Caroline Stevenson (1984). Praise and Paradox: Merchants and Craftsmen in Elizabethan Popular Literature. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 252 p.). Popular literature--England--History and criticism; English literature--Early modern, 1500-1700--History and criticism; Literature and society--England--History--16th century; Fur trade--New York (State)--Albany--History--18th century; Popular culture--England--History--16th century; Businessmen in literature; Artisans in literature; Merchants--England; Artisans--England.

R. C. J. Stone (1982). Young Logan Campbell. (Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press, 287 p.). Campbell, John Logan, 1817-1912; Auckland (N.Z.)--Biography.

Jacob Strieder; translated by Mildred L. Hartsough; edited by N.S.B. Gras (1984). Jacob Fugger the Rich: Merchant and Banker of Augsburg, 1459-1525. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, [orig. pub. 1931]). Fugger, Jakob, 1459-1525; Merchants--Germany--Biography; Bankers--Germany--Biography; Germany--Commerce--History--15th century; Germany--Commerce--History--16th century.

Anne F. Sutton (2005). The Mercery of London: Trade, Goods and People, 1130-1578. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub., 670 p.). Dry-goods --England --London --History; Textile industry --England --London --History; Merchants --England --London --History; London (England) --Commerce --History.

Junko Thérèse Takeda (2011). Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 272 p.). Assistant Professor of History (Syracuse University). Merchants --France --Marseille --History --18th century; Citizenship --France --Marseille --History --18th century; Plague --France --Marseille --History --18th century; Marseille (France) --Commerce --History --18th century; Marseille (France) --Commerce --Mediterranean Region; Mediterranean Region --Commerce --France --Marseille; Marseille (France) --Social conditions --18th century; Marseille (France) --Politics and government --18th century; France --History --Louis XV, 1715-1774. Relationship between French royal statecraft, mercantilism, civic republicanism in context of globalizing economy of early modern Mediterranean world; how French Crown, local institutions accommodated one another as they sought to forge acceptable political, commercial relationships for common goal of economic prosperity (told through experience of Marseille, port the monarchy saw as key to commercial expansion in Mediterranean); state-building, mercantilism, republicanism with cultural history of medical crisis; broad transnational processes and local political change.

Arthur Loreston Throckmorton (1961). Oregon Argonauts: Merchant Adventurers on the Western Frontier. (Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society, 372 p.). Merchants, American; Frontier and pioneer life--Oregon.

Sylvia L. Thrupp (1989). The Merchant Class of Medieval London, 1300-1500. (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 401 p. [orig. pub. 1948]). Merchants--England--London--History--To 1500; London (England)--Commerce--History--To 1500; London (England)--Social life and customs--To 1500; London (England)--History--To 1500.

Frederick B. Tolles (1978). James Logan and the Culture of Provincial America. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 228 p. [orig. pub. 1957]). Logan, James, 1674-1751; Merchants--Pennsylvania--Biography; Pioneers--Pennsylvania--Biography; Pennsylvania--History--Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.

Elva Tooker (1955). Nathan Trotter, Philadelphia Merchant, 1787-1853 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 276 p.). Trotter, Nathan, 1787-1853; Philadelphia (Pa.)--Commerce.

Ed. James D. Tracy (1990). The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350-1750. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 442 p.). International trade--History--Congresses; Shipping--History--Congresses; Merchants--History--Congresses; Europe--Commerce--History--Congresses. 

--- (1991). The Political Economy of Merchant Empires. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 504 p.). International trade--History--Congresses; Shipping--History--Congresses; Merchants--History--Congresses; Europe--Commerce--History--Congresses. 

Carmel Vassallo (1997). Corsairing to Commerce: Maltese Merchants in XVIII Century Spain. (Valletta: Malta University Publishers,, 378 p.). Merchants, Foreign--Spain--History--18th century; Maltese--Spain--History--18th century; Merchants--Malta--History--18th century.

Richard Waterhouse (2005). A New World Gentry: The Making of a Merchant and Planter Class in South Carolina, 1670-1770. (Charleston, SC: History Press, 218 p.). Upper class --South Carolina --History --17th century; Upper class --South Carolina --History --18th century; Gentry --South Carolina --History --17th century; Gentry --South Carolina --History --18th century; Plantation owners --South Carolina --History; Merchants --South Carolina --History; South Carolina --History --Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775; South Carolina --Social conditions; South Carolina --Economic conditions; South Carolina --Politics and government --To 1775. Cultural dynamics of colonial South Carolina’s master class - establishment, economic growth of colony in correlation with cultural development of elite planter and merchant classes. 

Glenn Weaver (1956). Jonathan Trumbull, Connecticut's Merchant Magistrate, 1710-1785. (Hartford, CT: Connecticut Historical Society, 182 p.). Trumbull, Jonathan, 1710-1785.

Philip L. White; with an introduction by Fenwick Beekman (1956). The Beekmans of New York in Politics and Commerce, 1647-1877. (New York, NY: New-York Historical Society under a grant from the Beekman Family Association, 705 p.). Beekman family; Merchants--New York (State)--New York; New York (N.Y.)--Politics and government--To 1898.

Thomas S. Willan (1970). An Eighteenth-Century Shopkeeper, Abraham Dent of Kirkby Stephen. (New York, NY: A.M. Kelley, 208 p.). Dent, Abraham, 1729-1803; Stores, Retail--England--History--18th century; Merchants--England--Biography.

N. J. Williams (1988). The Maritime Trade of the East Anglian Ports, 1550-1590. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 321 p.). Merchant marine--England--East Anglia--History--16th century; Harbors--England--East Anglia--History--16th century; Merchants--England--East Anglia--History--16th century; Smugglers--England--East Anglia--History--16th century; East Anglia (England)--Commerce--History--16th century. 

Richard G. Wilson (1971). Gentlemen Merchants: The Merchant Community in Leeds, 1700-1830. (New York, NY: A.M. Kelley, 271 p.). Merchants--Leeds (England); Leeds (England)--Commerce--History.

Richardson Little Wright (1976). Hawkers & Walkers in Early America. (New York, NY: Arno Press, 317 p. [orig. pub. 1927]). Peddlers and peddling--United States--History; Retail trade--United States--History; United States--Social life and customs--1783-1865.

Zoe Yalland (1987). Traders and Nabobs: The British in Cawnpore, 1765-1857. (Wilton, Salisbury, Wiltshire: M. Russell, 376 p.). British--India--K¯anpur--History; Merchants--India--K¯anpur--History; K¯anpur (India)--History; K¯anpur (India)--Ethnic relations.

Jean Zimmerman (2006). The Women of the House: How a Colonial She-Merchant Built a Mansion, a Fortune, and a Dynasty. (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 399 p.). Philipse, Margaret Hardenbroeck; Philipse, Margaret Hardenbroeck --Family; Phillips family; Women merchants --New Netherland --Biography; Merchants --New Netherland --Biography; New Netherland --Biography; New Netherland --Commerce --History; New Netherland --Social conditions; New York (State) --History --Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 --Biography. 1659 - Hardenbroeck Philipse (22) arrived in New Amsterdam from Holland; built empire of trading ships, furs, real estate that included all of Westchester County; became wealthiest in colony.

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Business History Links

The Museum of the Fur Trade                                                        http://www.furtrade.org/                                                   

Standing on the site of James Bordeaux’s trading post established for the American Fur Company in 1837, Museum of the Fur Trade combines an outstanding collection and scholarship to interpret the story of the fur trade; exhibits discuss the fur trade from early colonial days to the present century. The exhibits trace the everyday lives of British, French, and Spanish traders, voyageurs, mountain men, professional buffalo hunters, and typical Plains and Woodland Indians. Exhibits include the entire range of trade goods, including munitions, cutlery, axes, firearms, textiles, costumes, paints, and beads.