March 17, 1879 - Robert McNeil (23), graduate of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, paid $167 for drugstore (with fixtures, inventory, soda fountain, retail pharmacy) in Kensington section (mill district) of Philadelphia, PA; $5.79 in first-day sales; 1904 - Robert Lincoln McNeil (son) joined business; 1914 - McNeils (father and son) formed partnership, called Firm of Robert McNeil; 1920s - abandoned retail business, shifted to direct marketing of prescription pharmaceuticals to doctors and hospitals; 1933 - incorporated as McNeil Laboratories; 1938 - Robert Lincoln McNeil Jr. joined family business as first member of research department; 1955 - McNeil Laboratories introduced Tylenol Elixir for Children; first product under Tylenol name (compound first discovered by French chemist Charles Gerhardt in 1852), first aspirin-free pain reliever (available by prescription only); April 10, 1962 - McNeil Laboratories registered "Co-Tylenol" trademark first used February 8, 1961 (Pediatric Cold Preparations); 1959 - acquired by Johnson & Johnson; 1960 - Tylenol approved for sale without prescription; 1978 - McNeil Laboratories divided into McNeil Pharmaceutical, McNeil Consumer Products Company; 2001 - McNeil Consumer Healthcare changed name to McNeil Consumer & Specialty Pharmaceuticals; 2004 - annual sales of $2.1 billion, 2,600 employees.

1886 - Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson,  Edward Mead Johnson began operations in New Brunswick, NJ in surgical dressings industry; 14 employees on fourth floor of former wallpaper factory; October 28, 1887 - Johnson & Johnson incorporated.

James Wood Johnson - J & J (http://www.kilmerhouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/james-wood-johnson.jpg)

Edward Mead Johnson - J & J (http://www.meadjohnson.com/PublishingImages/Callout%20Images/Company_Main_BlueCallOut_EMeadJohnson_Headshot.jpg)

1886 - Dr. Alfred Kern and Edouard Sandoz established Kern & Sandoz, chemical company, in Basel, Switzerland; 1895 - produced first pharmaceutical substance, antipyrine, fever-controlling-agent; partnership reorganized as joint-stock company "Chemische Fabrik vormals Sandoz".

December 13, 1887 - William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers officially incorporated, invested $5,000 into a failing drug manufacturing, Clinton Pharmaceutical Company (Clinton, NY); Bristol as president, John Myers as vice president; May 1898 - company renamed Bristol, Myers Company (hyphen replaced the comma after Myers’s death in 1899, when the company became a corporation); 1900 - Bristol-Myers turns profitable; first nationally recognized product is laxative mineral salt.

1888 - Gideon D. Searle, young druggist, founded G .D. Searle & Company in Omaha, NE; April 10, 1908 - incorporated in Chicago; 1934 - laxative Metamucil is introduced; 1949 - introduced Dramamine, first motion sickness treatment; 1951 - Enovid, first contraceptive of its kind to reach the market; 1965 - discovered aspartame, artificial sweetener; 1973 - merged with Will Ross (included optical retailing unit, Vision Centers [(later Pearle Vision Centers[; 1977 - Donald H. Rumsfield, former U.S. secretary of defense, named president and CEO (first outsider to lead company); July 1981 - FDA approved aspartame as table top sweetener and food additive in a number of items; 1985 - Pearle Vision Centers divested; acquired by Monsanto Company for $2.7 billion.

1888 - Dr. Wallace C. Abbott, practicing physician, began manufacturing dosimetric granules in an apartment in Chicago; one of founders of modern pharmacy; 1894 - acquired, became editor of The Alkaloidal Clinic; 1900 - officially incorporated Abbott Alkaloidal Company; 1906 - established company’s sales force to reach more physicians; 1910 - established first European agency in London, branches in New York, San Francisco, Seattle, Toronto India; 1915 - name changed to Abbott Laboratories to reflect commitment to new areas of research, beyond alkaloids; 1946 - first pharmaceutical company to have special laboratory for radioactive pharmaceuticals, lead to creation of what will become world’s leading immunodiagnostics business; 1959 - introduced new logo (featured a stylized "a" symbol still in use today).

May 1, 1889 - Bayer introduced aspirin in powder form (Germany).

October 1, 1896 - Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche founded F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co as successor company to Hoffmann, Traub & Co. in Basel, Switzerland; 1905 - established Hoffmann-La Roche Chemical Works Inc. in New York City, first offices in US; 1934 - first 50 kilograms of vitamin C produced, start of vitamin manufacturing at Roche; first vitamin preparation, Redoxon, launched; 1938 - vitamins as  company’s mainstay; 1960 - Librium launched as first of new class of agents known as benzodiazepines; 1962 - introduced Fluoro-uracil Roche, company's first anticancer drug; 1963 - introduced Valium Roche, sedative and anxiolytic drug (benzodiazepine family); 1964 - acquired French fragrance company Roure Bertrand Dupont; 1968 - opened Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, one of first centers for Research and Development; 1982 - introduced Rocephin, antibiotic of cephalosporin class (outsold all other Roche products world-wide by 1987); 1986 - launched Roferon-A (interferon alfa-2a), Roche's first genetically engineered drug, for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia; 1989 - formed Roche Holding AG, holding company; 1990 - acquired controlling interest in Genentech for $2.1 billion; 1991 - formed Givaudan-Roure, fragrances and flavors division; 1994 - acquired Syntex; June 1999 - completed acquisition of Genentech for $4.2 billion ($82.50/share); July 20, 1999 - offered 16% of Genentech stock in public offering; raised nearly $2 billion (total of 42% of shares eventually sold); 2000 - spun Givaudan-Roure off as separate company; 2003 - sold Vitamins & Fine Chemicals Division (world's leading supplier of vitamins, carotenoids) to Dutch Life Science and Performance Materials company; 2004 - sold consumer health business (over-the-counter medicines) to Bayer Consumer Care; July 21, 2008 - made surprise $43.7 billion ($89/share) bid for 44.1% of Genentech it doesn't own; rejected; Roche’s three biggest-selling drugs (cancer medicines Rituxan, Herceptin, Avastin = $15 of $45 billion in sales) produced by Genentech.

Fritz Hoffmann and Adele La Roche - Roche AG (http://www.roche.it/scs/data_active/static/multimedia/ re7300002/re7300004/MultimediaImported_1118849922886.jpg)

August 10, 1897 - Dr. Felix Hoffmann, chemist in chemical laboratory at Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co.;  created chemically pure, stable form of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin); better pain-relieving, fever-lowering, anti-inflammatory substance for his father's rheumatoid arthritis than salicylic acid previously used; improved on earlier work of French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt who derived acetylsalicylic acid from plants, though only in impure, unstable form (1853); 1899 - launched under trade name Aspirin, initially as powder supplied in glass bottles.

1899 - First Edition of the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy published under the title: "Merck's Manual of the Materia Medica", a 192-page book based on the United States Pharmacopoeia; intent - to provide clinically relevant material to meet the needs of practicing physicians; now in 17th edition.

March 6, 1899 - Chemist Felix Hoffman (of Elberfeld, Germany) received a German patent for aspirin; registered as a trademark; February 27, 1900 -  received U.S. patent for "Acetyl Salicylic Acid" (aspirin"), a "new and useful Improvement in the Manufacture or Production of Acetyl Salicylic Acid."

Felix Hoffmann - aspirin (http://www.bayer.com/img/ konzern/felix_hoffmann.jpg)

1900 - Pfizer filed official certificate of incorporation in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million; 1905 - Emile Pfizer, Charles Pfizer's youngest son, appointed President; last member of the Pfizer/Erhart family to be actively involved with the company; June 22, 1942 - went public, offered 240,000 shares of new common stock.

1901 - Haim Salomon, Moshe Gutel Levin bought small store near Old City walls in Jerusalem, Israel; distributed imported medicines  to Jewish hospitals, local organizations of Jewish settlements for their pharmacies; 1915 - Israel Asher Elshtein joined company, name changed to to "Salomon Levin Elshtein Ltd.; pharmaceutical marketing arm of Teva in Israel; 1935 - Elsa Kuver, Dr. Gunter Friedlander established Teva ((Hebrew for nature); February 13, 1944 - Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Incorporated; 1951 - went public; 1964 - Assia Chemical Laboratories, Zori Pharmaceuticals Inc. merged, acquired controlling interest in Teva; 1976 - three companies merged, formed Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.; Eli Hurvitz (CEO of Assia) named CEO, President; Israel’s largest company; 1980 - acquired Ikapharm, second largest Israeli drug manufacturer; 1982 - granted FDA approval for Kfar Saba (Ikapharm) manufacturing plant; 1988 - acquired Abic, second largest Israeli pharmaceutical company; 2000 - acquired Novopharm in Canada (r with its Hungarian subsidiary Teva Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. Hungary), became largest generic pharmaceutical company in North America; July 18, 2008 - signed a definitive agreement to acquire Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., fourth largest generic drug company worldwide.

July 9, 1902 - Patent is obtained for barbituric acid - hope for insomniacs; 1864 - Adolf von Baeyer, twenty-nine-year-old assistant of Friedrich August Kekule (discoverer of the molecular structure of benzene) in Ghent, synthesized barbituric acid, first barbiturate; 1903 - German chemist Emil Fischer and his collaborator Joseph von Mering modified a class of drugs originally synthesized in 1864 in a way that made them effective as sedatives and hypnotics; realized that their new drug, "diethyl barbituric acid," or barbital (colorless crystalline organic compound. used in medicine as a soporific), was a sedative - did not taste unpleasant, had few side effects, acted at therapeutic levels far beneath the toxic dose.

Edward Mead Johnson - Mead Johnson (http://www.mjn.com/iwp/images/mjnNew/aboutMeadJohnson/mjnFounder.jpg)

1908 - Abe Plough (16), Memphis entrepreneur, founded Plough, Inc.; borrowed $125 from his father, started as one man business; created product called Plough's Antiseptic Healing Oil (linseed oil, carbolic acid, camphor); 1918 - incorporated as Plough Chemical Co. (later changed to Plough, Inc.); 1920 - acquired St. Joseph Company (Chattanooga, TN), children's aspirin; 1951 - incorporated; 1954 - net sales of $254.5 million; 1971 - merged with Schering Corporation, primarily manufacturer of prescription pharmaceuticals; Plough was Chairman of both Plough, Incorporated, and Schering-Plough.

January 1, 1915 - Bayer pharmaceuticals in Germany made aspirin available for the first time in tablet form (vs. powder); 1829 - Salicin, the parent compound of the salicylate drug family isolated from willow bark; 1875 - sodium salicylate used as commercial pain reliever, side effects (bleeding of stomach lining); 1897 - Felix Hoffman, German chemist working for Bayer, found suitable, less acidic medication - acetylsalicylic acid (marketed by Bayer under the name "Aspirin"); became biggest selling drug in world as analgesic (anti-pain), anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever-reducing) medication; May 30, 1922 - Bayer Company, Inc. registered "Bayer" trademark first sued January 2, 1895 (Preparations or Medicines for Pains and Aches of Nervous or Organic Origin and for Rheumatic, Neuralgic, and Gouty Conditions).

August 5, 1924 - H. A. Metz Laboratories, Inc. (New York, NY) registered trademark "Novocain" (anaesthetics); September 8, 1917 - trademark first used.

February 4, 1926 - Group of managers from Sterling Products, Household Products founded American Home Products as diversified holding company; 1930 - acquired Anacin, became company's leading product; 1931 - acquired John Wyeth & Brother from Harvard University for $2.9 million; 1943 - six companies merged into Wyeth Laboratories; 1944 - one of 22 companies selected by government to manufacture penicillin; 1958 - Dristan Tablets launched; 1984 - Advil introduced (first non-prescription ibuprofen in U. S.); most famous prescription-to-OTC switch in product history; 1989 - acquired A. H. Robins (ChapStick, Robitussin); 1994 - Effexor introduced (first serotonin and norepinephrene reuptake inhibitor for treatment of depression); 1994 - acquired American Cyanimid (Centrum); March 11, 2002 - American Home Products changed name to Wyeth to reflect change to global pharmaceutical company.

February 14, 1929 - Sir Alexander Fleming, young bacteriologist, introduced mold by-product called penicillin to cure bacterial infections; had left plate of staphylococcus bacteria uncovered, noticed a mold had fallen on culture, killed many of the bacteria; identified mold as penicillium notatum (similar to kind found on bread).

February 21, 1931 - Miles Laboratories introduced Alka Seltzer in the U.S.; Hub Beardsley, president of Miles Laboratories asked chief chemist, Maurice Treneer, to develop an effervescent tablet to ward off illness, with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and sodium bicarbonate as the main ingredients (had worked for staff members of the local newspaper);  June 9, 1931 - Dr. Miles Medical Company (Elkhart, IN) registered "Alka-Seltzer" trademark first used December 20, 1930 (antic-acid effervescent preparations); 1951 -  Speedy Alka-Seltzer character created; featured Alka-Seltzer tablet body with hat,  "effervescent" wand; 1953 - Paul Margulies wrote the "Plop, Plop, Fizz, Fizz" theme song; 2005 - Alka-Seltzer sold over 300 million tablets.

May 12, 1938 - Sandoz Labs manufactured LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide).

1943 - Dr. George Rieveschl, chemical engineer (organic chemist), synthesized antihistamine compund (beta-dimethylaminoethyl-benzhydryl ether hydrochloride) at University of Cincinnati, tested it at laboratories of Parke-Davis; renamed Benadryl; September 4, 1945 - Parke, Davis & Company registered "Benedryl" trademark first used November 27, 1944 (pharmaceutical preparations containing diphenhydamine hydrochloride); May 1946 - Pfizer Corporation bought rights, marketed it as presecription drug; June 3, 1947 - George Rieveschl, Jr, of Grosse Point Woods, MI, received a patent for "Dialkylaminoalkyl Benzhydryl Ethers and Salts Thereof" ("new class of chemical compounds of therapeutic value"); early 1960s - sales of about $6 million/year; 1980s - FDA allowed Benadryl to become generic over-the-counter drug (sales rose to $180 million/year).

April 16, 1943 - Albert Hoffman, Swiss chemist working at  Sandoz pharmaceutical research laboratory in Basel, Switzerland,  accidentally absorbed through his skin some Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25), synthetic drug he had created in 1938 as part of his research into the medicinal value of lysergic acid compounds; experienced restlessness, dizziness, "extreme activity of imagination"; April 19 - consumed 250 micrograms of the drug; was disturbed by unusual sensations and hallucinations; 1960's - widespread use of the so-called "mind-expanding" drug began when counterculture figures (Albert M. Hubbard, Timothy Leary, Ken Kesey) publicly expounded on benefits of using LSD as recreational drug; 1965 - made illegal in United States.

April 10, 1944 - Dr. Robert Burns Woodward and Dr. William von Eggers Doering produced the first synthetic quinine at the Converse Memorial Laboratory, Harvard University (anti-malarial drug, organic chemical).

May 25, 1948 - Andrew J. Moyer, of Peoria, IL, received a patent for a "Method of Production of Penicillin" ("method of increasing the penicillin content of culture liquors of a penicillin-producing mold"); method of mass production of penicillin; assigned to the United States of America (as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture).

September 21, 1948 - Selman A. Waksman, of New Brunswick, NJ, and Albert Schatz, of Passaic, NJ, received a patent for ""Streptomycin and Process for Preparation" ("by cultivation under particular controlled conditions of strains of the microorganism Actinomyes griseus"); assigned to Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation.

January 27, 1950 - Science magazine announced the new antibiotic terramyacin (made by Charles Pfizer & Co.); isolated from Indiana soil, and found effective against pneumonia, dysentery, and other infections; first pharmaceutical discovered and developed exclusively by Pfizer scientists.

March 15, 1950 - United States Food and Drug Administration approved Terramycin® (oxytetracycline), a broad-spectrum antibiotic; Pfizer's first branded drug; July 18, 1950 - Ben A Sobin, of New York, NY, Alexander C. Finlay, of Long Island City, NY and Jasper H. Kane, of Garden City, NY received a patent for "Terramycin and Its Production"; assigned to Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc.

July 18, 1950 - G. D. Searle & Co. registered "Dramamine" trademark first used December 31, 1948 (dimenhydrinate tablets  useful in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness, nausea, and vomiting, and a histamine antagonist). 

May 29, 1951 - James W. Clapp and Richard O. Roblin received a patent for "Heterocyclic Sulfonamides and Methods of Preparation Thereof" (improved sulfonamide drugs, synthetic antibacterial drugs containing the sulfanilamide molecular structure); first chemical substances systematically used to cure, prevent bacterial infections in humans (fewer than 20 off 5,000 sulfa drugs prepared and tested continue to have therapeutic value because resistant strains of bacteria develop; useful in the treatment of urinary tract infection); more potent antibacterial drugs have largely replaced the sulfa drugs. 

June 22, 1954 - American Chicle Company, Long Island City, NY, registered "Rolaids" (antacid mints) trademark.

January 11, 1955 - Lloyd H. Conover, of Oakdale, CT, received a patent for "Tetracycline" )"concerned with the preparation of the hitherto undescribed compounds derived from chlor-tetracycline"); antibiotic.

May 9, 1960 - The Food and Drug Administration approved use of world's first commercially produced birth-control bill--Enovid-10, made by the G.D. Searle Company of Chicago, IL; Margaret Sanger (opened the first birth-control clinic in the United States in 1916) commissioned development of "the pill"; 1953 - gave $150,000 to Dr. Gregory Pincus (biochemist at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology) and John Rock (gynecologist at Harvard Medical School) to continue his prior research and develop a safe and effective oral contraceptive for women; 1954 - clinical tests of the pill, which used synthetic progesterone and estrogen to repress ovulation in women, were initiated; original version contained at least five times the estrogen that it does today, and ten times the progestin; about 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy; women still need a doctor's prescription, available over-the-counter in many other countries.

August 18, 1960 - Searle Drug Company marketed first oral contraceptive in America.

April 10, 1962 - McNeil Laboratories, Incorporated registered "Co-Tylenol" trademark first used February 8, 1961 (Pediatric Cold Preparations); May 5, 1970 - registered "Tylenol" trademark first used April 5, 1955 (analgesic antipyretic preparations).

October 6, 1966 - LSD declared illegal in the United States.

December 9, 1975 - SmithKline Corporation registered "Tagamet" trademark first used on June 16, 1974 (pharmaceutical preparation for gastrointestinal disorders); 1976 - introduced Tagamet (cimetidine), H2 blocker, in UK (1977 in US); revolutionized treatment of peptic ulcers.

January 16, 1980 -Scientists in Boston produce interferon, a natural virus-fighting substance through genetic engineering.

September 3, 1985 - Eli Lilly and Company registered "Prozac" trademark first used January 28, 1985 (pharmaceutical products, namely antidepressants).

March 20, 1987 - The FDA approved the sale of AZT (azidothymidine), an antiviral drug believed to prolong the lives of some AIDS patients; first authorized antiretroviral AIDS drug; 1964 - originally developed by Dr. Jerome Horowitz of the Michigan Cancer Foundation as a possible treatment for cancer; February 1985 - National Cancer Institute, under the direction of Dr. Samuel Broder, tested AZT and found that it was a potent inhibitor of AIDS.

January 21,1988 - American Medical Association said that Retin-A, anti-acne drug, could also reduce wrinkles caused by exposure to sun.

October 28, 1988 - French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume distribution of abortion drug RU-486.

May 28, 1991 - Alice A. Christen (Metairie, LA), Donna M. Gibson (New Orleans, LA) and John Bland (Kenner, LA) received a patent for the "Production of Taxol or Taxol-Like Compounds in Cell Culture" ("procedures will provide a supply of chemotherapeutic agents"); important break-through in cancer treatment; only existed naturally in the bark of the Pacific Yew, Taxus Brevifolia, found solely in the Pacific Northwest, where the number of trees is limited; vast number of trees must be felled in order to collect the large amount of bark necessary for commercial drug production; patent assigned to U.S. Dept of Agriculture.

Friedrich Bayer - Bayer (http://www.bayer.com/img/konzern/friedrich_bayer.jpg)

Johann Friedrich Weskott  - Bayer (http://www.bayer.com/img/konzern/ johann_friedrich_weskott.jpg)

(Bayer AG), Charles C. Mann and Mark L. Plummer (1991). The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine, and 100 Years of Rampant Competition. (New York, NY: Knopf, 420 p.). Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedrich Bayer & Co.; Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft; Bayer AG; Aspirin--Marketing--History.

(Beckman Instruments), Harrison Stephens (1985). Golden Past, Golden Future: The First Fifty Years of Beckman Instruments, Inc (Claremont, CA: Claremont University Center, 144 p.). Beckman Instruments, inc.--History; Scientific apparatus and instruments industry--United States--History.

(Bristol Myers Squibb), Edward Robinson Squibb (1930). The Journal of Edward Robinson Squibb, M.D. (Boston, MA: George E. Crosby, Co., 2 vols.). Pharmacists--United States--History.

William McLaren Bristol -  Bristol Myers            (http://www.bmsdanmark.dk/Filer/Bilder/Bristol2.jpg)

John Ripley Myers -  Bristol Myers    (http://www.bmsdanmark.dk/Filer/Bilder/Myers2.jpg)

Edward  Robinson Squibb              (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/cholera/images/thumb/b023944.jpg)

(Bristol-Myers Squibb), Lawrence Goldtree Blochman (1958). Doctor Squibb; The Life and Times of a Rugged Idealist. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 371 p.). Squibb, Edward Robinson, 1819-1900.

(Bristol-Myers Squibb), Jordan Goodman, Vivien Walsh (2001). The Story of Taxol: Nature and Politics in the Pursuit of an Anti-Cancer Drug. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 282 p.). Paclitaxel--Research--Political aspects--United States; Paclitaxel--Research--Economic aspects--United States; Cancer--Treatment--Research--Political aspects--United States; Pacific yew--Harvesting--Northwest, Pacific.

(Burroughs Wellcome Company), Robert Rhodes James (1994). Henry Wellcome. (London, UK: Hoder & Stoughton, 422 p.). Wellcome, Henry S. (Henry Solomon), Sir, 1853-1936; Wellcome, Henry S. (Henry Solomon), Sir, 1853-1936; Wellcome Foundation Ltd.; Wellcome Trust (London, England); Wellcome Foundation Ltd.; Burroughs Wellcome Company--History; Pharmacists--Great Britain--Biography; Philanthropists--Great Britain--Biography; Pharmacy--biography; Pharmacy--history; Technology, Pharmaceutical--history.

Henry Wellcome (standing, at right with moustache) and Silas Burroughs (standing in white cap) - Burroughs Wellcome (http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/stellent/groups/corporatesite/ @msh_publishing_group/documents/image/wtd039262.jpg)

(CIBA-GEIGY), Paul Erni ; [Zeichnungen im Textteil, Hans Erni] (1979). Die Basler Heirat: Geschichte der Fusion Ciba-Geigy. (Zurich, Switzerland: Buchverlag der Neuen Zürcher Zeitung, cop., 425 p.). CIBA-GEIGY Limited; CIBA-GEIGY Limited--History--Sources.

(Cutter Laboratories), Paul A. Offit (2005). The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to Today’s Growing Vaccine Crisis. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 256 p.). Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases, Henle Professor of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia), Professor of Pediatrics (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine). Cutter Laboratories; Poliomyelitis vaccine--History; Poliomyelitis--Vaccination--United States--History; Vaccines--United States. Devastating episode led many pharmaceutical companies to abandon vaccine manufacture.

(FDA), Philip J. Hilts (2003). Protecting America's Health: The FDA, Business, and One Hundred Years of Regulation. (New York, NY: Knopf, 394 p.). Former Science Writer (New York Times). United States. Food and Drug Administration; Food law and legislation--United States; Drugs--Law and legislation--United States; Pharmaceutical industry--Quality control; Food adulteration and inspection--United States. Consumer protection vs. commercial promotion. 

(FDA), Fran Hawthorne (2005). Inside the FDA: The Business and Politics Behind the Drugs Take and the Food We Eat. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 338 p.). Senior Contributing Editor (Institutional Investor). United States. Food and Drug Administration; Pharmaceutical policy--United States; Food adulteration and inspection--United States.  

(FDA), Daniel Carpenter (2010). Reputation and Power: Organizational Image and Pharmaceutical Regulation at the FDA. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 802 p.). Allie S. Freed Professor of Government (Harvard University). United States. Food and Drug Administration; Pharmaceutical policy --United States; Drugs --Research --United States. Most powerful regulatory agency in world: how did FDA become so influential? how exactly does it wield its extraordinary power?; history of FDA regulation of pharmaceuticals; how agency's organizational reputation has been primary source of its power, one of its ultimate constraints; how FDA cultivated reputation for competence, vigilance throughout last century; how organizational image enabled agency to regulate industry as powerful as American pharmaceuticals while resisting efforts to curb its own authority; how FDA's reputation, power have played out among committees in Congress, with drug companies, advocacy groups, media, research hospitals and universities, governments in Europe and India; how FDA regulatory power has influenced way that business, medicine, science are conducted in United States, worldwide; therapeutic revolution of 1940s and 1950s; 1980s AIDS crisis; advent of oral contraceptives, cancer chemotherapy; rise of antiregulatory conservatism; FDA's waning influence in drug regulation today.

(Glaxo), R.P.T. Davenport-Hines and Judy Slinn (1992). Glaxo: A History to 1962. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 406 p.). Glaxo Laboratories--History; Pharmaceutical industry--Great Britain--History.

Joseph Nathan - Glaxo (http://www.gsk.com.hk/images/JosephNathan.jpg)

(Glaxo), Julia Millen (1997). Glaxo: From Joseph Nathan to Glaxo Wellcome: The History of Glaxo in New Zealand. (Wellington, NZ: Glaxo Wellcome New Zealand, 180 p.). Nathan, Joseph; Glaxo Wellcome; drug industry.

(Glaxo), Edgar Jones (2001). The Business of Medicine: The Extraordinary History of Glaxo, A Baby Food Producer, Which Became One of the World's Most Successful Pharmaceutical Companies. (London, Uk: Profile, 520 p.). Glaxo Pharmaceuticals; Glaxo Wellcome; Pharmaceutical industry -- History; Baby foods -- History.

(Glaxo India), T. Thomas (1998). Glaxo Corporate Rejuvenation. (New Delhi, India: Allied Publishers, 93 p.). Glaxo India; Pharmaceutical industry--India; Industrial management--India.

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(Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.), Stanley Adams (1984). Roche Versus Adams. (London, UK: Cape, 236 p.). Adams, Stanley, 1927- ; Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.; Pharmaceutical industry -- European Economic Community countries.

(Johnson & Johnson), Lawrence G. Foster (1986). A Company That Cares: One Hundred Year Illustrated History of Johnson & Johnson. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Johnson & Johnson, 175 p.). Johnson and Johnson, inc.--History; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History.

(Johnson & Johnson), Lawrence G. Foster (1999). Robert Wood Johnson: The Gentleman Rebel (State College, PA: Lillian Press, 736 p.). Johnson, Robert Wood, 1893-1968.; Johnson & Johnson--History; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--Biography; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History.

(Johnson & Johnson), Bo Agebro ...; photographer: Lars Ohlsson; translation Craig Pratt (2006). Johnson & Johnson 1956-2006 50 Years of Doing Business in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and the Baltic States. (Stockholm, Sweden: MOW, 144 p.). Johnson & Johnson -- history.

(Lilly), Roscoe Collins Clark (1946). Threescore Years and Ten, A Narrative of the First Seventy Years of Eli Lilly and Company, 1876-1946. (Chicago, IL: Lakeside Press (R. R. Donnelly & Sons), 132 p.). Lilly, Eli, 1838-1898; Eli Lilly and Company.

(Lilly), E. J. Kahn, Jr. (1976). All in a Century: The First 100 Years of Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN: Lilly, 211 p.). Pharmaceutical industry -- History; Pharmaceutical industry -- United States.

(Lilly), James H. Madison (1989). Eli Lilly, a Life, 1885-1977. (Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Society, 342 p.). Lilly, Eli, 1885- ; Eli Lilly and Company--History; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History.

(Lilly), Randall Tobias; with Todd Tobias (2003). Put the Moose on the Table: Lessons in Leadership from a CEO's Journey through Business and Life. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 279 p.). Former CEO, Eli Lilly (1993-1998). Tobias, Randall; Organizational change; Industrial management--United States--Case studies; Executives--United States--Biography. 

(Merck), Louis Galambos ... [et al (1991). Values & Visions; A Merck Century. (Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., 192 p.). Merck Sharp & Dohme--History; Pharmaceutical industry--New Jersey--History.

(Syntex Pharmaceuticals), Wendy B. Murphy (1994). Science & Serendipity: A Half Century of Innovation at Syntex. (White Plains, NY: Benjamin Co., 143 p.). Syntex Pharmaceuticals--History.

(Upjohn), Leonard Engel (1961). Medicine Makers of Kalamazoo. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 261 p.). Upjohn Company.

Dr. William E. Upjohn (http://www.vpcomm.umich.edu/issues/images/westmich/upjohn.jpg)

(Vertex Pharmaceuticals), Barry Werth (1994). The Billion-Dollar Molecule: One Company's Quest for the Perfect Drug. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 445 p.). Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated; Pharmaceutical biotechnology; Pharmaceutical industry--United States.

(Warner-Lambert), Elmer Holmes Bobst (1973). Bobst: The Autobiography of a Pharmaceutical Pioneer. (New York, NY: McKay, 360 p.). Former CEO (Warner-Lambert). Bobst, Elmer Holmes; Pharmaceutical industry--Biography.

Arthur Allen (2007). Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver. (New York, NY: Norton, 512 p.). Washington-based Journalist. Vaccination--History; Communicable diseases--Prevention--History; Vaccination--history--United States; Vaccines--history--United States; Dissent and Disputes--history--United States; Health Policy--history--United States; History, Modern 1601---United States; Vaccination--adverse effects--United States; Vaccines--adverse effects--United States. 200-year history of vaccination; shifting understanding of vaccination since its creation.

Marcia Angell (2004). The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What To Do about It. (New York, NY: Random House, 305 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States--Costs; Drugs--Prices--United States; Drugs--Research--United States--Finance; Prescription pricing--United States; Advertising--Drugs--United States; Pharmaceutical policy--United States. 

Eds. Tom Blackett and Rebecca Robins (2001). Brand Medicine: The Role of Branding in the Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Palgrave, 308 p.). Group Deputy Chairman of Interbrand; Senior Consultant of Interbrand Healthcare. Pharmaceutical industry--United States; Drugs--United States--Marketing; Brand name products--United States; Brand choice--United States. 

Jorg Blech; translated by Gisela Wallor Hajjar (7/30/2006). Inventing Disease and Pushing Pills: Pharmaceutical Companies and the Medicalisation of Normal Life. (New York, NY: Routledge, 176 p.). Molecular Biologist, Science Editor of Der Spiegel. Drug utilization; Pharmaceutical industry; Drugs--Social aspects; Drug Industry; Marketing; Sociology, Medical. How pharmaceutical industry is redefining health; many normal life processes systematically reinterpreted as pathological to create new markets for treatments. 

Richard Davenport-Hines (2002). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. (New York, NY: Norton, 466 p.). Drug abuse--History; Narcotics--History; Drugs of abuse--History; Drug traffic--History; Narcotics, Control of--History.

Richard A. Epstein (2006). Overdose: How Government Regulation Stifles Pharmaceutical Innovation. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 296 p.). James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law (University of Chicago), and Peter and Kirstin Bedford Senior Fellow (Hoover Institution). United States. Food and Drug Administration; United States. Food and Drug Administration; Pharmaceutical industry--Government policy--United States; Drug Industry--United States; Public Policy--United States; Government Regulation--United States. Tortuous course of  new drug from early development to final delivery; regulatory framework that surrounds all aspects of drug making. 

Alfonso Gambardella (1995). Science and Innovation: The US Pharmaceutical Industry During the 1980s. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 199 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States; Pharmaceutical industry--Technological innovations--United States--History--20th century; Drugs--Research--United States--Costs; Pharmacy--Research--United States--Costs.

Paul Gootenberg (2009), Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 442 p). Professor of History (Stony Brook University in New York). Cocaine industry --Peru --History; Drug traffic --Peru. Rise of one of most spectacular, now illegal Latin American exports: cocaine; drug's transformations from origins as medical commodity in 19th century to repression during early 20th century, dramatic reemergence as illicit good after World War II, American cocaine epidemic of 1980s, seemingly endless U.S. drug war in Andes; people, products, processes (Sgmund Freud, Coca-Cola, Pablo Escobar; Andean actors - Peruvian pharmacist who developed techniques for refining cocaine on industrial scale, creators of original drug-smuggling networks later taken over by Colombian traffickers). 

Merrill Goozner (2004). The $800 Million Pill: The Truth Behind the Cost of New Drugs. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 297 p.). Former Chief Economics Correspondent (Chicago Tribune). Prescription pricing; Drugs--Prices; Pharmaceutical industry; Consumer education. 

Dan Hurley (2006). Natural Causes: Death, Lies, and Politics in America’s Herbal Supplement Industry. (New York, NY: Broadway Books, 324 p.). Herbs--Toxicology; Dietary supplements--Toxicology; Herb industry--United States; Dietary supplements industry--United States. $20 billion/year industry despite lack of evidence that products are safe,  effective. 

Jacky Law (2006). Big Pharma: How Modern Medicine is Damaging Your Health and What You Can Do About It. (New York, NY: Carroll & Graf, 256 p.). Pharmaceutical industry; Drug Industry; Marketing; Sociology, Medical; Drugs--Marketing; Advertising--Drugs. Small number of corporations dominate global healthcare agenda, crowd out public good.

Jonathan Liebenau (1987). Medical Science and Medical Industry: The Formation of the American Pharmaceutical Industry (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 207 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States--History; Pharmaceutical policy--United States--History; Medical innovations--United States--History; Drug Industry--history--United States; Technology, Pharmaceutical--history--United States.

Du Liping (2005). The Marketing of Traditional Medicines in China: The Case of Guangzi Province. (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 277 p.). Lecturer in Chinese (University of Melbourne). Drugs--China--Marketing--History; Medicine, Chinese--History; Pharmaceutical industry--China--History; Marketing--China--History; Drugs--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Marketing--History; Medicine, Chinese--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Case studies; Pharmaceutical industry--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Case studies; Marketing--China--Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu--Case studies. Marketing system distinct from well-known rural marketing system for trade in non-specialized goods.

Tom Mahoney (1959). The Merchants of Life; An Account of the American Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Harper, 278 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States; Drug trade--United States.

Ray Moynihan and Alan Cassels (2005). Selling Sickness: How the World’s Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies Are Turning Us All into Patients. (New York, NY: Nation Books, 254 p.). Pharmaceutical industry; Drug Industry; Marketing; Sociology, Medical; Drugs--Marketing; Advertising--Drugs. More and more ordinary life is "medicalized". 

Melody Petersen (2008). Our Daily Meds: How the Pharmaceutical Companies Transformed Themselves into Slick Marketing Machines and Hooked the Nation on Prescription Drugs. (New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 448 p.). Covered Pharmaceuticals for The New York Times. Drugs--United States--Marketing; Drug Industry--economics--United States; Drug Industry--ethics--United States; Biomedical Research--economics--United States; Marketing--ethics--United States; Physician’s Practice Patterns--ethics--United States; Prescriptions, Drug--economics--United States. Industry with promise to help so many is now leaving legacy of needless harm: how corporate salesmanship has triumphed over science;  inside biggest pharmaceutical companies, how promotion driven industry has taken over practice of medicine, changing American life; selling dangerous medicines as if they were Coca-Cola or Cadillacs.

Toine Pieters (2005). Interferon: The Science and Selling of a Miracle Drug. (New York, NY: Routledge, 264 p.). Professor of the History of Pharmacy (Groningen University), Senior Lecturer in the History of Medicine (VU Amsterdam Medical Centre, The Netherlands). Interferon--History; Interferon industry--History. Beginnings, history, fate of Interferon.

Viviane Quirke (2004). Collaboration in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Changing Relationships in Britain and France, 1935-1965. (New York, NY: Routledge, 224 p.). Pharmacy--Research--France--History--20th century; Drugs--Research--France--History--20th century; Pharmaceutical industry--France--History--20th century; Pharmacy--Research--Great Britain--History--20th century; Drugs--Research--Great Britain--History--20th century; Pharmaceutical industry--Great Britain--History--20th century; Pharmacy--Research--International cooperation; Drugs--Research--International cooperation; Pharmaceutical industry--International cooperation; Drug Industry--history--France; Drug Industry--history--Great Britain; History, 20th Century--France; History, 20th Century--Great Britain; International Cooperation--history--France; International Cooperation--history--Great Britain; Technology, Pharmaceutical--history--France; Technology, Pharmaceutical--history--Great Britain. 'British decline' after war; evolution of co-operation in Britain and France, helped to disseminate  culture of research, resulted in transformation of medical sciences, pharmaceutical industry in both countries.

Trish Regan (2011). Joint Ventures: Inside America's Almost Legal Marijuana Industry. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 272 p.). CNBC Anchor. Marijuana industry --United States. Emerald Triangle Northern Californias Mendocino, Humboldt and Trinity counties where many small-time, part-time marijuana growers contribute to a trade that generates roughly a billion dollars a year; cannabis growers, dispensary owners, founder of Oaksterdam University ("the first formal school for marijuana in the United States"), cops, legalization opponents, people who've lost big after making millions; how small time growers get their start, make (or lose) fortune, struggle with violence, try to keep up with constantly changing laws and regulations, walk increasingly fine line with Feds ; inconsistencies between state and federal law; illogical hurdles that make growing legal medicinal marijuana incredibly risky; current, potential impact of legalized marijuana on local economies, link between marijuana, violent Mexican cartels; can decriminalization work on national scale (as in Portugal since 2000)?

Jeffrey Robinson (2001). Prescription Games: Money, Ego, and Power Inside the Global Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 343 p.). Pharmaceutical industry--United States; Pharmaceutical industry--Moral and ethical aspects.

Eds. Michael A. Santoro, Thomas M. Gorrie (2005). Ethics and the Pharmaceutical Industry. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 492 p.). Associate Professorin the Business Environment Department (Rutgers Business School); Corporate Vice President, Government Affairs & Policy (Johnson & Johnson). Pharmaceutical industry; Drugs--Marketing--Moral and ethical aspects; Drugs--Research--Moral and ethical aspects; Medical innovations--Social aspects; Social responsibility of business. Growing tension between the industry and the public. Role of intellectual property rights and patent protection; moral,  economic requisites of research, clinical trials; drug pricing;  marketing.

Bernice Schacter (2006). The New Medicines: How Drugs Are Created, Approved, Marketed, and Sold. (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 280 p.). Biomedical Consultant and Writer. Drug development--Popular works; Clinical trials--Popular works; Pharmaceutical industry--Popular works; Consumer education; Drug Industry--organization & administration--United States; Pharmaceutical Preparations--economics--United States; Clinical Trials--United States; Drug Design--United States; Drugs, Investigational--economics--United States; Legislation, Drug--United States. Path from bench to bedside.