1535 - John Balson began trading meat at local market in Bridport, Dorset, UK; 1880 - in present location; 2011 - RJ Balson and Sons - 25 generations, Britain's oldest family business; England's oldest family butchers, oldest continuously trading family business in Britain (source: Institute for Family Business), named Britain's oldest family run retailer (Henry VIII was still married to Anne Boleyn, the first complete English language translation of the Bible was printed in Antwerp by William Tynedale and Miles Coverdale, and Peru, the Galapagos Islands and Quebec were discovered); especially famous for handmade specialty sausages.

1705 - Grocer Hugh Mason ran small shop in St James’s Market; William Fortnum, former footman in Queen Anne's household, rented a room from Mason; 1707 - Fortnum joined Mason in new grocer’s shop in Piccadilly; prospered in Georgian era; 1846 - Richard Fortnum bequeathed 1,500 pounds (about 500,00 pounds today) to staff; March 2, 1863 - appointed Grocers to HRH the Prince of Wales; April 1, 1867 - appointed oilmen to their Royal Highnesses Prince and Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein; October 5, 1867 - appointed furnishers to the Establishment of HRH the Crown Princess of Prussia, Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland; December 12, 1867 - appointed confectioners and Foreign Warehousemen to HRH the Princess of Wales; 1886 - Henry Heinz carried five cases of baked bean samples from the United States, F & M took them all, introduced baked beans to Britain for the first time; June 8, 1887 - appointed foreign Warehousemen to HRH the Prince of Wales; July 16, 1887 - appointed purveyors of Oilery to HM the Queen; 1925 - introduced Ladies’ fashions, children’s clothes, kitchenware, perfumes during Jazz Age; 1951 -  acquired by Garfield Weston, George Weston Ltd.; 1964 - Fortnum’s clock, with bells from same foundry as Big Ben, added to front of store1998 - launched online store with 50 hampers; 2001 - taken private by Weston family (already owned 89.9% of company), valued company at about £57.4 million; 2004 - Fortnum & Mason Japan opened.

1831 - Samuel Stillman (S. S.) Pierce, Eldad Worcester established corner grocery store in Boston’s West End to sell "choice teas and foreign fruits"; evolved into leading purveyor of specialty items (pâté de fois gras, terrapin stew, Hawaiian pineapples, pickled reindeer tongue); 1972 - acquired by Seneca Foods.

Samuel Stillman  Pierce - S. S. Pierce  (http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5wVK1H81gvE/TcrpkxWHt9I/AAAAAAAAAB0/PfrWEND27Bo/s1600/SSPierce.bmp)

1851 - Kalman Haas and Leopold Loupe began Loupe & Haas, general-store variety of business, on corner of Davis and California streets in San Francisco; 1865 - Loupe left business; brothers, cousins joined company; William Haas (cousin) became active manager of firm; name changed to Haas Brothers Wholesale Groceries; 1897 - William Haas became first president, company incorporated; major portion of business derived from selling liquor to miners in California, Nevada, Alaska; 1916 - Haas's son became president; sister married Samuel Lilienthal (son of Ernest Reuben Lilienthal, founder of Crown Distilleries Company in 1872); grocery operations of Haas Brothers combined with liquor operations of Crown Distilleries; 1927 - Samuel Lilienthal became company's president; 1954 - Haas Brothers closed grocery business; became premium wholesale liquor distributor.

1859  - George Huntington Hartford, George Gilman, tea and spice merchants, founded Great American Tea Company as mail order business; first store-warehouse operation opened in New York City at 31 Vesey Street;  1870 - renamed The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, in honor of transcontinental railroad; 1881 - first grocery chain to operate 100 stores; 1900 - incorporated in New Jersey, nearly 200 stores,  $6 million in sales; 1920 - 4,638 stores, $235 million in sales; 1929 - 15,418 stores, $1 billion in sales; 1958 - sales of $5 billion in 4,252 stores, sales volume exceeded  closest competitor by more than $1 billion; 1979 - Hartford Foundation, family members sold  majority of A&P shares to The Tengelmann Group (West Germany); 1982 - reorganized, fewer than 1,000 stores, returned to profitability; 1994 - launched new private label marketing program in U.S., replaced banner-specific labels; October 2002 - restructured; 2003 -  exited Northern New England, sold/closed Kohl’s stores,  sold Eight O’Clock Coffee division.

1869 - John James and Mary Ann Sainsbury opened small dairy shop at 173 Drury Lane, London (high-quality products at low prices); 1882 - four shops; 1900 - 48 shops; 1914 - third of workforce had left for armed forces; women recruited to fill jobs (trained at firm's new training school at Blackfriars); 1920s - typical new branch had six departments, offered much larger product range than competitors; offered home delivery throughout surrounding district (important service in days before most people had motor cars); 1936 - acquired Thoroughgood chain; 1939 - 244 Sainsbury's shops; 1942 - sales had fallen to half its real pre-war value; 1973 - went public. largest ever flotation on Stock Exchange (at the time), with 45-fold over-subscription for shares; 1994 - 355 stores from Truro to Edinburgh; 2007 - serves 16 million customers each week in 455 supermarkets, 301 convenience stores across UK; employs 153,000 colleagues; April 2007 - family blocked 10.1 billion pound takeover attempt by private equity consortium led by CVC Capital Partners Ltd.; June 2007 - Delta (Two), investment vehicle owned by Qatar's royal family, purchased $1.4 billion in Sainsbury stock, raised ownership to 25%.

1881 - James McQuaid established "mercantile", general store in Oakville, CA, directly across from railroad depot; center of commerce, only place to find essentials for daily living (telegraph, mail and telephone, fresh eggs, bread, barbed wire, kerosene); 1978 - acquired by Napa Valley vintner Joseph Phelps (Joseph Phelps Vineyards) and Steve Carlin; March 2003 - acquired by J. M. Ciaran Byrne (Woodside Capital) and group of investors; March 28, 2007 - acquired by Leslie Rudd, CEO of dean & DeLuca.

1883 - Arthur Hannaford opened small store on waterfront in Portland, ME to sell high-quality produce;  1902 - Howard, Edward Hannaford (brothers) joined business, incorporated as Hannaford Bros. Co.; leading produce wholesaler in northern New England; 1944 - opened first retail grocery store; 1971 - went public; 2000 - acquired by Delhaize Group (founded in Belgium in 1867); 2004 - Hannaford operated 142 stores.

1886 - Frank Henry Gillingham "FH" opened FH Gillinham & Sons general store in Woodstock, VT; oldest in Vermont.

FH Gillingham - oldest in Vermont  (http://www.gillinghams.com/media/Other/fhgwithdog1.jpg)

1899 - Frank Vernon Skiff, brother-in-law, Frank Ross, founded Jewel Tea as door-to-door delivery service for coffee; 1984 - acquired by American Stores.

1906 - Tokutaro Takahashi, Issei immigrant, started Takahashi Market to San Francisco Bay Area community; specialized in Japanese and Hawaiian food items, stocks Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Thai foods.

1910 - Shoichi and Saburo Hasegawa opened general store on site of Hasegawa Gas Station in Hana, HI; 1963 - immortalized in song, lyrics, music by Paul Weston (CD Hawaii's Golden Treasures, Vol. 1); 1990 - burned to ground-1991- re-opened in renovated old Hana Theater; under fourth generation of management.

January 23, 1912 - Robert C. Kidd registered "Overwaitea" trademark in Canada (tea, coffee, jams, marmalade, peanut butter, butter, margarine, eggs, milk, cheese, ice cream, popping corn, salmon, tuna fish and candy); March 8, 1915 - opened grocery store in New Westminster, BC with $500; offered 18-ounce pounds of tea (added two ounces into each pound of Indian, Ceylon blended teas); store became known as "Overweight-tea store"; "Overwaitea" became company's name; grew to 68-retail-outlet network, 10,000 employees in two provinces.

1914 - Sam Seelig founded Seelig Grocers, chain of 4 stores in CA; 1915 - Marion B. Skaggs (27) acquired his father's grocery store (18 x 32 feet), Skaggs Cash Stores, in American Falls, ID; 1919 - Skaggs brothers formed partnership named Skaggs United Stores; 1925 - Seelig changed name to Safeway Stores; 1926 - Skaggs United Stores (673 stores) merged with Safeway (322 stores), formed Skaggs Safeway, changed to Safeway Stores Inc., incorporated in Maryland, Maron B. Skaggs first president; 1928 - more than 2,000 stores; 1928 - went public; 1971- world’s largest food retailer; 1982 - taken private in leveraged buyout by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts; 1900 - went public again as Safeway Inc.

Marion B. and Estella Skaggs - Safeway  (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ en/thumb/9/90/Mb&estella_skaggs.jpg/180px-Mb&estella_skaggs.jpg)

July 7, 1915 - John and Paul Cifrino established Upham's Corner Market Co., fruit and vegetable store in storefront in Dorchester, MA; February 18, 1919 - acquired land from Samuel B. Pierce at 600 Columbia Road to expand; 1920s - hailed as "The Largest Store in the World" (19,696 square feet on two floors, diversified product line, centralized distribution); largest, most important volume food operators in Boston area"; world's first "supermarket"; 1923 - expanded (net floor area approximately 29,000 square feet, new delicatessen, bakery); 1926 - expanded, constructed additional 21,600 square feet of retail space; total retail floor area over 50,000 square feet, more than ten times size of larger area meat markets, some thirty times size of customary neighborhood corner store; advertised as "The Biggest Food Store in the World", first one-stop shopping center in Boston; 1928 - acquired by United Markets, Inc. (became Elm Farm Market after WW II, closed in 1970s); 1934 - opened Supreme Market in Dorchester, MA; 1968 - merged with Purity Markets, became corner stone of Purity Supreme chain of super markets; 1984 - acquired by Supermarkets General Holdings Corporation; 1995 - acquired by Stop & Shop; 1997 - name discontinued.

September 6, 1916 - Clarence Saunders, Memphis retailer, founded Piggly Wiggly grocery store chain in Memphis; first true self-service grocery store; revolutionized food retail with check-out lines, price-marked foods, national brand items; October 9, 1917 - Saunders received a patent for a "Self Serving Store"; supermarket; March 18, 1919 - received a patent for "Price Tagging Means"; November 2, 1920 - received a second patent for a "Self-Serving Store"; assigned to Piggly Wiggly Corporation;  November 22,  1921 - received a third patent for a "Self-Serving Store"; 2008 - affiliate of C&S Wholesale Grocers, Inc. (8th largest privately held company in nation); more than 600 Piggly Wiggly stores (independently owned and operated) servicing communities in 17 states.

 Clarence Saunders - founder Piggly Wiggly  (http://www.pigglywiggly.com/mfy/ templates/pigglywiggly/images/clarence.jpg)

1918 - Israel Cohen, Abraham Siegel founded C&S Wholesale Grocers on Winter Street in Worcester, MA; 5,000-sq. ft., three-story warehouse facility, managed by three warehouse workers who oversaw 1,200 grocery products; 1958 - won Big D supermarket account (eight-store chain); signaled C&S's transition from small independent stores to supermarket chains; 1974 - annual sales of $14 million; 1988 - introduced self-managing teams in warehouse facilities (total volume shipped increased by 35%, total labor costs declined by more than 20% in first six months); 1996 - became owner of what could become world's largest freezer; 2007 - ranked by Forbes magazine 10th largest privately held company in nation (over 70 warehouse facilities throughout United States.

1919 - Theodore Pringle Loblaw, Justin Milton Cork opened first Loblaw Groceterias store in Toronto; self-serve, cash-and-carry policy, wider variety of products at better prices; 1928 - 69 stores in Ontario and U. S.; 1930s - 80 stores; 1947 - W. Garfield Weston, president of George Weston Limited, acquired 100,000 shares of Loblaw stock from son of co-founder J. Milton Cork (gained controlling interest of Loblaw Groceterias Co. Limited in 1950s); 1956 - Loblaw Companies Limited incorporated; consolidated food retail, food distribution divisions of George Weston Limited; became one of Canada's largest private sector employers; 1978 - introduce No Name private label; 1984 - introduced President's Choice premium private label.

Theodore Pringle (T. P.) Loblaw (http://66.39.78.242/images/Theodore%20Pringle%20Loblaw%20WEBSITE.jpg)

1924 - 20 independent grocers met ion Kansas City, MO to discuss advantages of combining buying, advertising power; March 1926 - filed incorporated Associated Grocers of Kansas City; 1953 - name changed to Associated Wholesale Grocers, Inc.; 1954 - paid first year-end patronage of $20,441 to members; late 1950s - introduced new pricing structure (3% over invoice pricing); enabled retailers to compete with chains; 1966 - introduced Electronic Data Processing to simplify routine tasks (including elimination of out-of-stocks); 1969 - launched automated ordering system, allowed stores to transmit orders over telephone lines in three minutes; 1970s - launched discount concepts, alternatives to national brands; 1980 - warehouse space topped more than 1.2 million square feet, first $1 billion in sales; 1985 - added bakery-deli departments; 1996 - product line of more than 1,589 items, house brand sales topped $374 million; combined warehouse space of more than 2.3 million square feet, sales topped $3 billion; 2003 - acquired two grocery distribution centers in southeast; 2006 - sales of $4.95 billion (60% increase over 10 years) - growth from new members, acquisition of new distribution centers, increase in same store sales from existing members.

1925 - Gottlieb Duttweiler, four investors founded Migros AG; Migros - made up from "demi" and "en gros," business in between retailer, wholesaler; 1933 - company operated 41 trucks, 98 stores; 1941 - re-constructed into co-operative society, donated to customers (acquired all shares from his co-investors, gave away all shares - free - to Swiss people); no dividends, other financial gains for shareholders, all profits used to improve services, lower prices; 2004 - nearly 600 store locations in Switzerland, offered approximately 30,000 food, nonfood items; one of 20 largest enterprises in Switzerland, one of largest private employers, with approximately 81,000 employees.

May 1926 - J. Frank Grimes, accountant for food wholesalers, group of 100 independent retailers established Independent Grocers Alliance (IGA) to compete with retail chain stores (A & P) via nationwide network of wholesalers to create 'chain-like' advantages of buying power, lower cost of goods, mass marketing; opened first store in Poughkeepsie, NY (150 stores in operation by end of year); 1927 - IGA Flour, first brand product, sold; 1929 - organized into 36 states, stores in 2,870 towns; 1930s - pioneered radio promotions for food stores (created national radio show called IGA Hometown Hour; source of 'Hometown Proud' promotional theme); 1938 - offered 360 private label products; 1946 - 9,098 stores operated in 1,098 U. S. counties; 1951 - opened first store in Canada; March 25, 1958 - Independent Grocers' Alliance Distributing Co. registered "IGA" trademark first used in 1929 (advertising services-namely, promoting the sale of goods of others by means of distributing newspaper mats, posters, displays, and the like); 1972 - named Dr. Thomas Haggai (ordained Baptist minister) as first non-food industry executive board member; 1976 - introduced new logo (red oval); 1980 - sales of $7 billion, #3 grocer in U. S.; 2000 - more than 4,000 stores in more than 40 countries; 2006 - 66% of sales outside U. S.; 2009 - world's largest voluntary supermarket network, aggregate worldwide sales of more than $21 billion/year, operations in 44 states/more than 40 countries on all continents, in top 10 in world food marketing, only global supermarketer based in U.S.

1927 - Claude S. Dawley, ice manufacturer since 1909, several friends combined four ice plants  in Oak Cliff, San Antonio, McKinney, Sherman, TX, formed Southland Ice Company; "Uncle Johnny” Jefferson Green, employee, began offering milk, bread, eggs from ice house in Oak Cliff, TX (gallon of milk cost 56 cents, ice sold in blocks rather than bags for ice boxes); sold lot of these items on Sundays, evenings when grocery stores were closed; Joe C. Thompson, Jr., one of founders, later president, chairman of The Southland Corporation, began selling product line at other ice-dock locations (company had 8 ice plants, 21 retail ice docks); birth of convenience retailing; 1928 - operated 12 ice plants, 20 retail ice docks in Dallas, San Antonio; stores named "Tote'm Stores" (customers toted away their purchases); acquired by Thomas Insull (financial and public utilities empire); 1932 - entered bankruptcy (Insull empire collapsed); Joseph C. Thompson, vice president, named president by board of directors; 1934 - company reorganization plan approved; 1936 - 60 Southland-owned retail ice docks; people came from miles to shop at ice plant/retail shop combo (offered curb service, staples, canned goods, ice-cold watermelon (in season); sold liquor, beer after repeal of Prohibition; 1945 - renamed Southland Corporation; 1946 - Tote'm Stores name changed to 7-Eleven because of new hours: 7 am-11 pm, seven days/week; 1952 - 100th store opened; 1960 - 500th store opened; 1961 - Southland incorporated; 1963 - 1,000th store opened;  1965 - introduced “Icee”, semi-frozen carbonated beverage; 1966 -  Icee re-launched as Slurpee drink at more than 1,500 stores; 1969 - approximately 3,500 stores in United States, opened stores in Canada; introduced "Oh Thank Heaven for 7-Eleven" advertising campaign; 1971 - first $1 million sales year; 1974 - opened 5,000th store, expanded to Japan;  1979 - first $1 million sales quarter; early 1980s - 2,500 international stores; 1995 - opened 15,000th store; 1999 - name changed from The Southland Corporation to 7-Eleven, Inc.; early 2000s - 25,000 stores; first convenience retailers to offer private brands, 7-Select™, 7-Eleven, for more than 300 food, non-food items; 2002 - $10 billion in sales; 2005 - more than 30,000 stores operated in U.S., 18 other countries; total sales of more than $43 billion; 2012 - more than 48,000 stores around world.

1930 - Charles Hyde, David Vredenburg opened small general store in Beaconsfield, IA; became Hy-Vee, company with 2006 sales of more than $4.6 billion, more than 200 retail stores across seven Midwestern states; ranked among top 15 supermarket chains in nation. 

June 26, 1974 - First use of bar code (universal product code created by not-for-profit Uniform Code Council) - Sharon Buchanan, cashier in Marsh Supermarket in Troy, OH, scanned package of Wrigley gum; eliminated need for manual pricing, reduced check out times, used in 23 industries, saves $17 billion annually in U. S. retail industry [PricewaterhouseCoopers 1999 study];  international code used in 114 countries.

2004 - Number of traditional grocery stores in U. S. dropped to 41,455 from 118,920 in 1982; total square feet of traditional grocery store selling space geww due to: 1) traditional grocers have built larger stores, 2) Wal-Mart has opened superstores which sell groceries. (source: Willard Bishop Consulting).

January 23, 2005 - Albertson's Inc., second-largest supermarket chain in U.S., agreed to be acquired for $17.4 billion by investment group led by SuperValu Stores (Minneapolis, MN).

(A&P), Edwin P. Hoyt (1969). That Wonderful A&P! (New York, NY: Hawthorn Books, 279 p.). Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company.

George Huntington Hartford   (http://www.hartfordfamily.org/images/GHHporch.jpg)

(A&P), William I. Walsh (1986). The Rise and Decline of the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company. (Seacaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 254 p.). Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company--History; Grocery trade--United States--History; Food industry and trade--United States--History; Supermarkets--United States--History.

(A&P), Lisa Rebecca Gubernick (1991). Squandered Fortune: The Life and Times of Huntington Hartford. (New York, NY: Putnam, 272 p.). Hartford, Huntington, 1911- ; Millionaires--United States--Biography; Art patrons--United States--Biography; Upper class--United States--History--20th century; United States--Social life and customs--20th century.

(A&P), Avis H. Anderson (2002). A & P: The Story of the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company. (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 128 P.). Avis H. Anderson, Executive Director and Archivist of the Hartford Family Foundation. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company--History; Grocery trade--United States--History; Food industry and trade--United States--History; Supermarkets--United States--History. How cofounder George Huntington Hartford and his sons, John and George, brought A&P to popularity with consumers that few companies have ever achieved.

(Berry Brothers and Rudd ltd.), H. Warner Allen (1950). Number Three Saint James's Street; A History of Berry's, the Wine Merchants. (London, UK: Chatto and Windus, 269 p.). Berry Brothers and Rudd ltd.--England--London; Wine and wine making--Great Britain.

(Bruno Food Stores), Pat Dunbar (1983). Joe, Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Bruno Food Stores. (Birmingham, AL: P. Dunbar, 185 p.). Bruno, Joseph S., 1912- ; Bruno Food Stores--History; Food World (Stores)--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Grocery trade--United States--History.

(J. Bunn Grocery Company), Andrew Taylor Call (2005). Jacob Bunn: Legacy of an Illinois Industrial Pioneer. (Lawrenceville, VA: Brunswick Publishing Corp., 308 p.). Great-great-great Grandson. Bunn, Jacob, 1814-1897; Businessmen--Illinois--Biography; Business and politics--Illinois--History--19th century; Illinois--Economic conditions--19th century. 

Jacob Bunn  (http://www.bunngourmet.com/images/jacob_bunn.jpg)

(Carrefour), Gregoire Philonenko, Veronique Guienne; preface de Vincent de Gaulejac (1997). Au Carrefour de l’Exploitation. (Paris, FR: Desclee de Brouwer, 159 p.). Carrefour (Market chain); Hypermarkets--France--Employees--Case studies; Work environment--France--Case studies; Working class--France--Social conditions--Case studies.

(Carrefour), Enquete de Sylvain Courage (1999). La Verite sur Carrefour, l’Epicier Planetaire aux 2 Millions de Clients par Jour. (Paris, FR: Editions Assouline, 131 p.). Carrefour (Market chain)--History; Hypermarkets--History; International business enterprises--Case studies; Chain stores--Case studies.

(Carrefour), Christian Lhermie; preface de Daniel Bernard (2001). Carrefour, ou, L’Invention de l’Hypermarche. (Paris, FR: Vuibert, 215 p.). Carrefour (Market chain)--History; Hypermarkets--History.

(Carrefour), Herve Paturle (2005). Marcel Fournier, l’Hyperman: Il Etait une Fois l’Homme Qui Inventa la Grande Distribution. (Paris, FR: Martiniere, 367 p.). Fournier, Marcel, 1914-1985; Carrefour (Market chain); Businessmen--France--Biography; Hypermarkets--France; Retail trade--France.

(Carrefour), Claude Sordet, Jean-Francois Wantz; preface de Jacques Dermagne ; postfaces de Robert Halley et d’Olivier Halley (2005). Paul-Louis Halley, de Promodes a Carrefour. (Paris, FR: Editions Organisation, 226 p.). Halley, Paul-Louis, 1934-2003; Carrefour (Market chain); Businessmen--France--Biography; Hypermarkets--France; Retail trade--France.

(Cold Storage Singapore Pte. Ltd.), Goh Chor Boon (2003). Serving Singapore: A Hundred Years of Cold Storage, 1903-2003. (Singapore: Cold Storage Singapore, 167 p.). Cold Storage Singapore Pte. Ltd.--History; Supermarkets--Singapore--History; Grocery trade--Singapore--History.

(Colonial Stores), James W. Rowe (1995). Colonial Stores Incorporated: The Company's History. (Conyers, GA: Maypop Press, 519 p.). Colonial Stores Incorporated--History; Supermarkets--United States--History.

(Dairy-Mart), Charlie Nirenberg (1992). Call Me Charlie: The Convenience Store Baron. (Enfield, CT: Convenient Publishing, 259 p.). Nirenberg, Charlie; Dairy Mart Convenience Stores; Convenience stores--United States; Businessmen--United States--Biography.

(Empire Co Ltd.), Harry Bruce (1985). Frank Sobey: The Man and the Empire. (Toronto, ON: MacMillam, 443 p.). Sobey, Frank, 1902- ; Sobeys Stores Ltd.--History; Empire Limited--History; Businesspeople--Canada--Biography.

(Findlaters), Alex Findlater (2001). Findlaters: The Story of a Dublin Merchant Family, 1774-2001. (Dublin, IR: A. & A. Farmar, 577 p.). Fifth Irish Generation. Findlater family; Wheeler family; Alex. Findlater & Co.; Findlaters (Firm); Food industry and trade--Ireland--History; Alcoholic beverage industry--Ireland--History; Protestants--Ireland--Dublin--Biography; Businessmen--Ireland--Biography; Dublin (Ireland)--Social life and customs; Dublin (Ireland)--Biography. 

Alexander Findlater (http://www.findlater.org.uk/Founder.jpg)

(Folding Carrier Co.), Terry P. Wilson (1978). The Cart that Changed the World: The Career of Sylvan N. Goldman. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press by for the Oklahoma Heritage Association, 255 p.). Goldman, Sylvan N., 1898- ; Supermarkets--United States; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Inventors--United States--Biography.

(Food Lion - founded in 1957 as Food Town in Salisbury, NC), Mark Wineka and Jason Lesley (1991). Lion's Share: How Three Small-Town Grocers Created America's Fastest-Growing Supermarket Chain and Made Millionaires of Scores of Their North Carolina Friends and Neighbors. (Asheboro, NC: Down Home Press, 265 p.). Food Lion--History; Supermarkets--United States--History.

(Food Lion), Ralph W. Ketner; compiled by Jason Lesley and Mark Wineka (1994). Five Fast Pennies. (Salisbury, NC: R.W. Ketner, 227 p.). Ketner, Ralph W.; Food Lion--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Grocery trade--United States--History; Chain stores--United States--History.

(Genuardi Super Markets), Frank O. Genuardi with Russell Rush (1995). Family Pride: A Memoir. (Jeffersonville, PA: F.O. Genuardi, 99 p.). Genuardi Super Markets--History; Grocers--United States--Biography; Supermarkets--Pennsylvania--History; Grocery trade--Pennsylvania--History; Family-owned business enterprises--Pennsylvania--History.

(Giant), Scott and Bari Sedar (1986). Fifty Years of Caring. (Washington, DC: Giant Food Inc., 71 p.). Giant (Firm)--History; Grocery trade--United States--History; Supermarkets--United States--History; Chain stores--United States--History.

(Hawkins Supermarkets), Otis Earl Hawkins; foreword by Dan Quayle (1999). My Experiences in War and Business: One Man's Story of Success in America. (Ashland, OH: Ashbrook Press, 317 p.). Hawkins, Otis Earl; Businesspeople--United States--Biography.

Pyong Gap Min (2008). Ethnic Solidarity for Economic Survival: Korean Greengrocers in New York City. (New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 193 p.). Professor of Sociology (Queens College and the Graduate School of the City University of New York). Korean American business enterprises --New York (State) --New York; Korean American businesspeople --New York (State) --New York; Korean Americans --New York (State) --New York; New York (N.Y.) --Ethnic relations; New York (N.Y.) --Emigration and immigration. How business conflicts can give rise to demonstrations of group solidarity; Korean grocers caught between white distributors, black customers, Hispanic employees, assertive labor unions.

Andrew Seth and Geoffrey Randall (1999). The Grocers: The Rise and Rise of the Supermarket Chains. (Dover, NH: Kogan Page, 331 p.). Supermarkets--Great Britain--History; Grocery trade--Great Britain--History; Chain stores--Great Britain--History; Supermarkets--United States--History; Grocery trade--United States--History; Chain stores--United States--History; Supermarkets--Europe--History; Grocery trade--Europe--History; Chain stores--Europe--History.

Andrew Seth and Geoffrey Randall (2005). Supermarket Wars: Global Strategies for Food Retailers. (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 187 p.). Chairman of Added Value; Marketing and Retailing Specialist. Food industry and trade; Grocery trade; International business enterprises; Competition, International. 

Ann Greenleaf Wirtz (2010). The Henderson County Curb Market: A Blue Ridge heritage Since 1924. (Boone, NC: Parkway Publishers, 172 p.). Curb Market (Henderson County, N.C.) -- History; Farmers' markets -- North Carolina -- Henderson County -- History. 1922 - Frank L. FitzSimons, Sr., local historian, wrote letter to editor of Hendersonville (NC) News; proposed centralized marketing location for farmers, area of commerce along curb of downtown street, convenient place for housewives to shop, farmers to sell ''truck crops'' grown on their farms, alternative to peddling; 1924 - Henderson County Farmers Mutual Curb Market established; descendants of early farm families still active; people who made, still make curb market possible through hard work, commitment, creativity; why curb market has always been, remains, essence of Appalachian industry and family.

Alfred Yee (2003). Shopping at Giant Foods: Chinese American Supermarkets in Northern California. (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 193 p.). Supermarkets--California, Northern; Chinese Americans--California, Northern. 

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Business History Links

Sainsbury's Archives Virtual Museum                         http://www.jsainsburys.co.uk/museum/index.htm